{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:11:20Z","timestamp":1791821480165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little data are available regarding halitosis in Japanese children. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with halitosis in Japanese elementary and junior high school children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subjects consisted of 520 elementary (1st\u20136th grade: boys, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 284; girls, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 236) and 248 junior high (7th\u20139th grade: boys, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 136; girls, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 112) school children aged 6\u201315 years in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. A self\u2010administered questionnaire survey; halitosis measurement using an organoleptic assessment method; and clinical oral examination were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 44.9% of subjects had halitosis. The proportion of boys with halitosis was 43.6% and that of girls was 46.6%. On logistic regression analysis, grade and tongue coating were significant predictors of halitosis. The 7th\u20139th graders were significantly more likely to have halitosis than 1st\u20133rd graders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>, 1.83; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.007). Subjects with area of tongue coating score 2 or 3 were 5.51\u2010fold more likely to present with halitosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) than those with area of tongue coating score 0 or 1. Similarly, subjects with thickness of tongue coating score 2 or 3 were 3.28\u2010fold more likely to have halitosis than those with thickness of tongue coating score 0 or 1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Halitosis in the school children is not a rare condition; instead, its occurrence is relatively high. Therefore, inclusion of a halitosis prevention and management component in school oral health programs would lead to the promotion of overall oral health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,24]],"date-time":"2018-03-24T03:22:45Z","timestamp":1521861765000},"page":"588-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of halitosis in Japanese school children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Ueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Promotion Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Ohnuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Promotion Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Zaitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Promotion Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Takehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Promotion Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Promotion Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Promotion Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2008.00266.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2003.01804.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1984.tb00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.1997.12221538","article-title":"Oral and nonoral sources of halitosis","volume":"25","author":"Messadi DV","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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