{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:51:55Z","timestamp":1782910315941,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast milk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BM<\/jats:styled-content>) is the best nutrition for very preterm infants (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPI<\/jats:styled-content>), except when provided by human cytomegalovirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010seropositive mothers. Given that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPI<\/jats:styled-content> are at high risk of developing a sepsis\u2010like syndrome or cholestasis, methods for prevention of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> infection via <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BM<\/jats:styled-content> have been investigated. Although Holder pasteurization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content>) is the gold standard, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content> needs special instruments. Microwave (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MW<\/jats:styled-content>) is available anywhere, therefore, we performed this study to determine whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MW<\/jats:styled-content> can be used for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human cytomegalovirus Towne strain was added to formula, followed by heating procedure using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MW<\/jats:styled-content> (at 500 W for 20, 30, 40, or 60 s). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> cells were seeded in culture dishes. Aliquots of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010milk samples after heating were inoculated onto susceptible cell monolayers. The number of plaques was counted to determine the viral titer. The determination of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> copies was also performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Addition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> for a viral load of 5.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> plaque\u2010forming units (p.f.u.)\/mL achieved 772 p.f.u.\/mL at baseline, with a decrease to 257 p.f.u.\/mL after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MW<\/jats:styled-content> radiation for 20 s. No plaque was detected after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HP<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MW<\/jats:styled-content> for 30, 40, and 60 s. The temperature of the breast milk reached 60\u00b0C after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MW<\/jats:styled-content> radiation for 40 s. The number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> copies did not change with MW.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microwave at 500 W for 40 s can be used as a prevention strategy for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCMV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission. Further research including the loss of bioactive properties in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BM<\/jats:styled-content> is required prior to clinical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1562583773000},"page":"1227-1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Microwave treatment of breast milk for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Mikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital Koto Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-8851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikara","family":"Kohda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youko","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunjiro","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bean Stalk Snow Co. 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