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The main pathophysiology is respiratory distress and persistent pulmonary hypertension because of pulmonary hypoplasia caused by compression of the elevated organs. Recent progress in prenatal diagnosis and postnatal care has led to an increase in the survival rate of patients with CDH. However, some survivors experience mid\u2010 and long\u2010term disabilities and complications requiring treatment and follow\u2010up. In recent years, the establishment of clinical practice guidelines has been promoted in various medical fields to offer optimal medical care, with the goal of improvement of the disease\u2019 outcomes, thereby reducing medical costs, etc. Thus, to provide adequate medical care through standardization of treatment and elimination of disparities in clinical management, and to improve the survival rate and mid\u2010 and long\u2010term prognosis of patients with CDH, we present here the clinical practice guidelines for postnatal management of CDH. These are based on the principles of evidence\u2010based medicine using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The recommendations are based on evidence and were determined after considering the balance among benefits and harm, patient and society preferences, and medical resources available for postnatal CDH treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T22:49:44Z","timestamp":1618354184000},"page":"371-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Clinical guidelines for the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7012-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miharu","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Department of Pediatrics Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4315-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Terui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Yamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Shizuoka Children\u2019s Hospital Shizuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka University Library Toyonaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroomi","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Urushihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Shizuoka Children\u2019s Hospital Shizuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-9907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuaki","family":"Toyoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology Kanagawa Children's Medical Center Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5217-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal\u2010Neonatal Care Nagoya University Hospital Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Taguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Usui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital Izumi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Japanese Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"TaguchiT NagataK.Study on current state of treatment of neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Japan and multicenter joint creation of standardized treatment plan. 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