{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:02:44Z","timestamp":1764997364607,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Undernutrition and overnutrition have been considered separate challenges caused by the distinct factors in distinct settings. The double burden of malnutrition is defined as the coexistence of both undernutrition and overnutrition, which has now spread globally, especially in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. In Kenya, the double burden of malnutrition is present in the capital city but the situation in rural areas currently remains unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze nutritional status in rural Kenya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from height and weight measurements conducted by teachers in the third term of school year 2013 were collected from primary schools. Teachers were trained by experts before starting the measurements. The Z\u2010scores of height\u2010for\u2010age, weight\u2010for\u2010age, and body mass index\u2010for\u2010age were calculated using AnthroPlus, and nutritional status was defined according to the World Health Organization guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data analyzed from 7,447 pupils (3,763 boys and 3,684 girls) showed that 12.4% were stunted and 7.8% were underweight among those \u2264120\u2009months old, and 11.7% were thin among those &gt;120\u2009months old. Boys were more likely to be stunted than girls. Boys were more likely to be underweight and girls were more likely to be overweight in the older age group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The double burden of malnutrition was not found, and undernutrition was still common among schoolchildren in the study area. However, it is important to monitor nutritional status due to adverse effects of rapid urbanization. Height and weight measurements in schools may be useful for monitoring the nutritional status of schoolchildren.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T08:56:10Z","timestamp":1617872170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Has the double burden of malnutrition reached pupils in rural western Kenya?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9230-7928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rie","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Graduate School of Health Sciences University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan"},{"name":"Kenya Research Station Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University Nagasaki City Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Japanese Consortium for Global school Health and Research Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris W","family":"Njomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sammy M","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9856-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachi","family":"Tomokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Consortium for Global school Health and Research Okinawa Japan"},{"name":"Department of Sports and Health Sciences Faculty of Education Shinshu University Nagano City Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mutua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruki","family":"Kazama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Research Station Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University Nagasaki City Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barnett","family":"Walema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Consortium for Global school Health and Research Okinawa Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Science Nagano College of Nursing Nagano City Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Asakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Tokyo Gakugei University Koganei City Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University Nagasaki City Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Graduate School of Health Sciences University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan"},{"name":"Japanese Consortium for Global school Health and Research Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Global nutrition policy review 2016\u20102017: country progress in creating enabling policy environments for promoting healthy diets and nutrition","year":"2018","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X"},{"volume-title":"Level and trends in child malnutrition: joint child malnutrition estimates. 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