{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:43:30Z","timestamp":1753879410826,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Auscultation is an easy way to evaluate and diagnose patients with lung conditions but has the shortcoming of being subjective. Using the spectrogram, it is possible to visualize wheezing. We therefore conducted a study to compare the efficacy of diagnosing wheezing by auscultation versus diagnosing wheezing by spectrogram.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was an investigation of interrater reliability and agreement in which the subject population consisted of children, and the rater population consisted of pediatric pulmonologists. We recorded 55 respiratory sound files from June to November 2019. Three pediatric pulmonologists listened to the respiratory sound files and assessed whether wheezing was present. All respiratory sound files were also converted into spectrograms; the same pulmonologists viewed these and assessed whether wheezing was present. We tested for interrater reliability and agreement between the auscultation results and spectrographic results and investigated the diagnostic reliability of auscultation versus spectrogram.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Agreement among the three raters of our auscultation respiratory recordings was 88% and reliability was good (\u03ba = 0.76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Agreement among the three raters of our spectrograms was 83% and reliability was good (\u03ba =0.66, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The level of agreement between each rater's spectrographic findings and diagnosed wheezing was 91%, 75%, and 93%, respectively. Reliability was accordingly very good, moderate, and very good (\u03ba = 0.82, 0.49, 0.85, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A spectrogram may be a valuable tool for evaluating wheezing in children. It may also be used to improve a young clinician's ability to accurately diagnose wheezing in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T19:42:51Z","timestamp":1632858171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interrater reliability of spectrogram for detecting wheezing in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-4426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woori","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyunghoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong\u2010seo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"2223","article-title":"The history of the stethoscope","volume":"39","author":"Weinberg F","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1302901"},{"issue":"77","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"586","article-title":"Standardization of computerized respiratory sound analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sovij\u00e4rvi A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00036302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2013-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.046458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-150986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/2040-2295.6.4.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Wheeze recognition based on 2d bilateral filtering of spectrogram","volume":"18","author":"Lin B\u2010S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06451-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5055224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"Wheeze detection algorithm based on spectrogram analysis","volume":"1","author":"Li J","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"5581","article-title":"Detection of wheezes using their signature in the spectrogram space and musical features","volume":"2015","author":"Mendes L","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JinF SattarF KrishnanS.Log\u2010frequency spectrogram for respiratory sound monitoring2012.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2012.6287954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Wheeze detection in the pediatric intensive care unit: comparison among physician, nurses, respiratory therapists, and a computerized respiratory sound monitor","volume":"53","author":"Prodhan P","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Care."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-257"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2006.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-36841-0_229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/12\/2170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529786"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ped.15003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ped.15003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ped.15003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T13:15:19Z","timestamp":1747401319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ped.15003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ped.15003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ped.15003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1328-8067","1442-200X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1328-8067"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1442-200X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e15003"}}