{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:24:15Z","timestamp":1780637055296,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":193,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The seasonal epidemic of Kawasaki disease (KD) in winter in Japan suggests that low vitamin D status may affect KD through the immune system. We aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on the onset and clinical course of KD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a case\u2010control study to compare 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in KD patients admitted to our hospital between March 2018 and June 2021, with those in healthy controls from published Japanese data. In patients with KD, we evaluated the association of 25(OH)D levels with intravenous immunoglobulin resistance and coronary artery lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared 290 controls and 86 age\u2010group\u2010adjusted patients with KD. The 25(OH)D levels in KD patients were lower than those in the controls (median: 17 vs. 29\u2009ng\/mL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). In winter, 25(OH)D levels in KD patients were lower than those in summer (median: 13 vs. 19\u2009ng\/mL). The adjusted odds ratios for the onset of KD were 4.9 (95% CI: 2.5\u20139.6) for vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D: 12\u201320\u2009ng\/mL) and 29.4 (95% CI: 12.5\u201378.2) for vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D &lt; 12\u2009ng\/mL). Among 110 KD patients, 25(OH)D levels at diagnosis of KD were not associated with intravenous immunoglobulin resistance or coronary artery lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 25(OH)D levels in patients with KD were lower than those in the controls, especially in winter. Lower 25(OH)D levels in winter were associated with an increased risk of KD onset. It remains to be elucidated whether the observed association has a causal relationship.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T19:12:59Z","timestamp":1647285179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The impact of vitamin D on the onset and progress of Kawasaki disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Natsumi","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yachiyo Medical Center Tokyo Women's Medical University of Medicine  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Tsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-4910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumiya","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Ueki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8990-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunji","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1438-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03529-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200x.2005.02033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14326"},{"issue":"56","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Guidelines for medical treatment of acute Kawasaki disease: report of the Research Committee of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (2012 revised version)","volume":"2014","author":"Research Committee of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery Committee for Development of Guidelines for Medical Treatment of Acute Kawasaki Disease","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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