{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T20:29:10Z","timestamp":1769632150877,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":177,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to the adult population, limited information is currently available on risk factors for ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia (VAP) in children. Therapeutic hypothermia has been identified as a risk factor for the early onset of VAP in adults; however, the relationship between VAP and normothermia remains unclear. The present study investigated risk factors for VAP in children, with a focus on the deleterious effects of therapeutic normothermia on VAP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively investigated the clinical characteristics of children treated with mechanical ventilation for more than 48\u2009h and analyzed risk factors for VAP. The endpoint was the onset of VAP by the seventh day after the initiation of mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 288 patients enrolled, seven (2.4%) developed VAP. No significant differences were observed in clinical backgrounds between the VAP and non\u2010VAP groups. A univariate analysis identified target temperature management (TTM) at 36\u00b0C (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) as risk factors for VAP. An analysis of the time to the onset of VAP by the Kaplan\u2013Meier plot and log\u2010rank test revealed a significantly higher incidence of VAP in the TTM group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and mPSL pulse group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>TTM at 36\u00b0C and mPSL pulse therapy may be risk factors for VAP in the pediatric population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T16:20:42Z","timestamp":1687882842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeted temperature management at 36\u00b0C is a risk factor for ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Masaru","family":"Nasuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics Shinshu University School of Medicine  Matsumoto Japan"},{"name":"Division of Neuropediatrics Nagano Children's Hospital  Azumino Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Nagano Children's Hospital  Azumino Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3412-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuo","family":"Motobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropediatrics Nagano Children's Hospital  Azumino Japan"},{"name":"Life Science Research Center Nagano Children's Hospital  Azumino Japan"},{"name":"Neuro\u2010Care Center Nagano Children's Hospital  Azumino Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Shinshu University School of Medicine  Nagano 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