{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:58:55Z","timestamp":1790913535350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":653,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":288,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJPR22R4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPR22R4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus disease\u20102019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic required schools, densely populated settings with diverse age groups, to dynamically adjust infection control strategies in response to evolving public health challenges. Despite substantial documentation of such strategies in healthcare facilities, detailed data from school environments remain limited during and after the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A nationwide web\u2010based survey was conducted using a random sample of schools (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009854) to examine changes in infection control strategies, the implementation of school events, and decision\u2010making influences over fiscal years 2022\u20132024. To identify longitudinal patterns in preventive behavior, we applied time\u2010series clustering based on dynamic time warping.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2022 and 2024, key mitigation efforts such as compulsory mask usage (from 84.3% to 2.2%) and routine disinfection of shared spaces (from 89.7% to 12.3%) saw a steep decline. Meanwhile, hand hygiene and classroom ventilation remained consistently prioritized. The proportion of schools hosting events without restrictions (e.g., sports days, excursions) increased substantially. Around 50% of schools reported using infection prevention tools not officially recommended. While the proportion of schools implementing 7\u201310 infection prevention measures decreased from 93.4% in 2022 to 50.2% in 2023, schools with 0\u20133 measures increased from 16.2% in 2023 to 64.8% in 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides nationwide insights into how Japanese schools adjusted their infection control strategies across three academic years. These findings highlight the need for evidence\u2010informed decision\u2010making and closer partnerships with infectious disease experts to improve preparedness for future public health crises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.70243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T09:33:36Z","timestamp":1760607216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["School infection control strategy during and after the COVID\u201019 pandemic: Nationwide trends (2022\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1169-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Okubo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Honjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine National Center for Child Health and Development  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2262-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Uda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao","family":"Miyairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Hamamatsu University School of Medicine  Shizuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2020.0159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003292"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2023.107686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare.Regarding the response after the transition of the COVID\u201019 to Category V [in Japanese] [Internet].2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/corona5rui.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22009-9_559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"The Consumer Affairs Agency in Japan.When choosing products that claim disinfectant or antibacterial effects make sure to select the right one for your purpose and use it correctly [in Japanese]. [Internet].2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.caa.go.jp\/notice\/entry\/020418\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"DTAIDistance [Internet]","author":"Meert W","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Tokyo Medical Association.Results of the questionnaire survey regarding COVID\u201019 infection prevention measures in schools [in Japanese] [Internet].2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.tokyo.med.or.jp\/29297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency Department for Education.Face coverings in schools: findings from surveys and monitoring.2022Nov 24. Accessed 28 Jul 2025. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/face\u2010coverings\u2010in\u2010education#full\u2010publication\u2010update\u2010history"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1175444"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16841"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Mask\u2010wearing intention after the removal of the mandatory mask\u2010wearing requirement in Hong Kong: application of the protection motivation theory and the theory of planned behaviour","volume":"31","author":"Ng TKC","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-20568-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology.Sanitary Management Manual for COVID\u201019 in Schools\u2014\u201cNew Lifestyle in Schools\u201d [in Japanese] [Internet].2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/content\/20200609\u2010mxt_syoto01\u201088_3.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare.Support for Infection Prevention Measures such as Mask Purchases in Childcare Centers (the COVID\u201019 Countermeasures) [in Japanese] [Internet].2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/11920000\/000634662.pdf"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ped.70243","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ped.70243","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/ped.70243","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ped.70243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:46:22Z","timestamp":1790912782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ped.70243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ped.70243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ped.70243","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1328-8067","1442-200X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1328-8067","type":"print"},{"value":"1442-200X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70243"}}