{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:49:03Z","timestamp":1785174543663,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T12:26:22Z","timestamp":1517401582000},"page":"699-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comprehensive human leukocyte antigen genotyping of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy S-J","family":"Fann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ching","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Chung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Shiung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuh-Liang","family":"Hwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Lung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0001|pedi12645-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198605223142106","article-title":"Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease","volume":"314","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0002|pedi12645-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05415-0","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"358","author":"Atkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0003|pedi12645-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S125","article-title":"Environmental triggers and determinants of type 1 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Knip","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0004|pedi12645-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221682","article-title":"Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Kaprio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0005|pedi12645-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.381","article-title":"Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Barrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0006|pedi12645-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/371130a0","article-title":"A genome-wide search for human type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes","volume":"371","author":"Davies","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0007|pedi12645-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1375.044","article-title":"Genetic determinants of type 1 diabetes across populations","volume":"1079","author":"Jahromi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0008|pedi12645-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148221","article-title":"Genetics of type 1 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Steck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0009|pedi12645-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2284","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic analysis of HLA, CTLA4, and insulin genotypes for type 1 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Valdes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0010|pedi12645-cit-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1375.046","article-title":"Is HLA class II profile relevant for the study of large-scale differentially expressed genes in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients?","volume":"1079","author":"Rassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0011|pedi12645-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0223-x","article-title":"Genetics of the HLA region in the prediction of type 1 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Noble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0012|pedi12645-cit-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2068","article-title":"Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Todd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0013|pedi12645-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12327","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in childhood - estimation of HLA class II associated disease risk and class II effect in various phases of islet autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Ilonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0014|pedi12645-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0239","article-title":"The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is accounted for by cases with lower-risk human leukocyte antigen genotypes","volume":"31","author":"Fourlanos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0015|pedi12645-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-7560(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DMRR164>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility factors of type 1 diabetes in Asians","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0016|pedi12645-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0212-0","article-title":"The past, present, and future of genetic associations in type 1 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0017|pedi12645-cit-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.8.1113","article-title":"Geographic patterns of childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes epidemiology research international group","volume":"37","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0018|pedi12645-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1375.005","article-title":"Why is type 1 diabetes uncommon in Asia?","volume":"1079","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0019|pedi12645-cit-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.09.014","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Taiwan: analysis of the 2000-2009 Nationwide Health Insurance database","volume":"111","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0020|pedi12645-cit-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01925.x","article-title":"Incidence and trends of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990-1999","volume":"23","author":"DIAMOND Project Group","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0021|pedi12645-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0213-8","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in Japan","volume":"49","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0022|pedi12645-cit-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60417-4","article-title":"Beta-cell autoantibodies and their function in Taiwanese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"108","author":"Tung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0023|pedi12645-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.7.1183","article-title":"Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0024|pedi12645-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0594-9","article-title":"Evaluation of beta-cell function in diabetic Taiwanese children using a 6-min glucagon test","volume":"167","author":"Tung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0025|pedi12645-cit-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000091834","article-title":"Han Chinese cell and genome bank in Taiwan: purpose, design and ethical considerations","volume":"61","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0026|pedi12645-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016635","article-title":"Comprehensive genotyping in two homogeneous Graves' disease samples reveals major and novel HLA association alleles","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0027|pedi12645-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x","article-title":"New allele frequency database:","volume":"61","author":"Middleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0028|pedi12645-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2010.01466.x","article-title":"Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 2010","volume":"75","author":"Marsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0029|pedi12645-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses","volume":"81","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0030|pedi12645-cit-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3706","article-title":"Statistical power and significance testing in large-scale genetic studies","volume":"15","author":"Sham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0031|pedi12645-cit-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R113","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2516","article-title":"Role of STAT4 polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus in a Japanese population: a case-control association study of the STAT1-STAT4 region","volume":"10","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0032|pedi12645-cit-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646656","article-title":"Peptidomic analysis of type 1 diabetes associated HLA-DQ molecules and the impact of HLA-DM on peptide repertoire editing","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0033|pedi12645-cit-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.12.003","article-title":"The geoepidemiology of type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Borchers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0034|pedi12645-cit-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.11.1483","article-title":"Transcomplementation of HLA DQA1-DQB1 in DR3\/DR4 and DR3\/DR9 heterozygotes and IDDM in Taiwanese families","volume":"18","author":"Chuang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0035|pedi12645-cit-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(95)00108-5","article-title":"HLA-encoded susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is determined by DR and DQ genes as well as their linkage disequilibria in a Chinese population","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0036|pedi12645-cit-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000114859","article-title":"Reevaluation of human leukocyte antigen DR-DQ haplotype and genotype in type 1 diabetes in the Japanese population","volume":"69","author":"Katahira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0037|pedi12645-cit-0038","first-page":"4538","article-title":"Common susceptibility and transmission pattern of human leukocyte antigen DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes to Korean and Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"85","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0038|pedi12645-cit-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.01.005","article-title":"Estimation of human leukocyte antigen class I and class II high-resolution allele and haplotype frequencies in the Italian population and comparison with other European populations","volume":"73","author":"Rendine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0039|pedi12645-cit-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1246213","article-title":"Genetic risk markers related to diabetes-associated autoantibodies in young patients with type 1 diabetes in berlin, Germany","volume":"118","author":"Kordonouri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0040|pedi12645-cit-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(98)00076-7","article-title":"Combinations of HLA DR and DQ molecules determine the susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Koreans","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0041|pedi12645-cit-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2011.00139.x","article-title":"Class II HLA genotype in fulminant type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey with reference to glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies","volume":"3","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0042|pedi12645-cit-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00105-09","article-title":"Autoimmune type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility encoded by human leukocyte antigen DRB1 and DQB1 genes in Tunisia","volume":"16","author":"Stayoussef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0043|pedi12645-cit-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.06.007","article-title":"The human leukocyte antigen class II gene has different contributions to autoimmune type 1 diabetes with or without autoimmune thyroid disease in the Japanese population","volume":"85","author":"Katahira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0044|pedi12645-cit-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1331","article-title":"HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families","volume":"57","author":"Erlich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0045|pedi12645-cit-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/329599a0","article-title":"HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","author":"Todd","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0046|pedi12645-cit-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1153","article-title":"Multiple HLA epitopes contribute to type 1 diabetes susceptibility","volume":"63","author":"Roark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0047|pedi12645-cit-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006283222602","article-title":"Analysis of HLA-DQ genotypes and susceptibility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"322","author":"Baisch","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0048|pedi12645-cit-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0699","article-title":"HLA class I and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: results from the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium","volume":"59","author":"Noble","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0049|pedi12645-cit-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E379","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2841","article-title":"Identification of independent susceptible and protective HLA alleles in Japanese autoimmune thyroid disease and their epistasis","volume":"99","author":"Ueda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1111\/pedi.12645-BIB0050|pedi12645-cit-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2236","article-title":"Genetic analysis of families with autoimmune diabetes and thyroiditis: evidence for common and unique genes","volume":"90","author":"Golden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpedi.12645","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1111\/pedi.12645\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T18:10:27Z","timestamp":1671819027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pedi.12645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12645","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1399-543X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1399-543X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]}}}