{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:04:09Z","timestamp":1783353849933,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Graft failure rates increase through childhood and adolescence, decline in adulthood, and are higher in female than male kidney transplant recipients (KTR) until middle age. We aimed to describe age\u2010 and sex\u2010related differences in T\u2010cell subsets among KTR to determine which differences may help to explain the differences in kidney graft failure rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effector T (Teff)\u2010cell and regulatory T (Treg)\u2010cell phenotypes in PBMCs from healthy controls and KTR, who were at least 1\u00a0year post\u2010transplant with stable graft function under immunosuppression, were analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of age, sex, and status (KTR or control) were analyzed using linear regressions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 20 male and 21 female KTR and 20 male and 20 female controls between 3 and 29\u00a0years of age. CD3+ T\u2010cell frequencies were not associated with age or sex but were higher in KTR than controls. There were no differences in CD4+ and CD8+ frequencies. Th1 (IFN\u03b3+ IL\u20104\u2212 IL\u201017A\u2212) and Th17 (IL\u201017A+) frequencies within the CD4+ T\u2010cell population were higher at older ages. The frequencies of FOXP3\u00a0+\u00a0Helios\u00a0+\u00a0Treg cells in CD4+ CD25+ CD127\u2212 T cells were lower in females than males and in KTR than controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells with increasing age mirrors the increasing graft failure rates from childhood to young adulthood. Importantly, sex differences in frequencies of circulating Treg cells may suggest a role in the sex differences in graft failure rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:37:13Z","timestamp":1632782233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Age\u2010 and sex\u2010mediated differences in T lymphocyte populations of kidney transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5996-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Dziarmaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal Quebec 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