{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:38:33Z","timestamp":1778499513286,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015521","name":"Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Solid Organ Transplant (\n SOT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) provides a survival advantage for individuals with end organ failure. Little is known about the specific effects of immunosuppression on the competence of the immune system during the post\u2010transplant period especially in the pediatric population, and current immunosuppression and prophylaxis practices are not well informed by immune data.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Blood samples from pediatric patients <\u200918\u2009years old were collected prior to and 6\u2010 and 12\u2009months after liver transplant. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (\n PBMCs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were stimulated with\n PMA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/Ionomycin and the phenotype and function of T cell subsets and\n NK<\/jats:styled-content>\n cells were systematically characterized using cytometry by time\u2010of\u2010flight (\n CyTOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In a cohort of 4 pediatric liver transplant patients, levels of\n CD4<\/jats:styled-content>\n + and\n CD8<\/jats:styled-content>\n + T cells, Tregs and\n NK<\/jats:styled-content>\n cells at 6\u2010 and 12\u2009months following liver transplant were similar to levels before transplant. Upon stimulation, pro\u2010inflammatory, antiviral, and inhibitory T cell cytokines and enzymes were not reduced at 6\u2009months post\u2010transplant and remained stable at 12\u2009months.\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20102 production, a tacrolimus target, from\n CD4<\/jats:styled-content>\n + and\n CD8<\/jats:styled-content>\n + T cells did not correlate with tacrolimus levels.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n T cell function was not reduced by 6\u2009months following liver transplant. This suggests that it might be safe to discontinue viral prophylaxis or initiate vaccinations sooner than previously suspected. Tregs functional marker expression was intact by 6\u2009months post\u2010transplant suggesting lower risk of rejection in this cohort. Tacrolimus level may not be a good indication for immunocompetence and T cell functional assays may be more predictive of susceptibility to infection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.70257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:03:16Z","timestamp":1767664996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal Kinetics of T Cells and\n NK<\/scp>\n Cells After Pediatric Liver Transplant"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1143-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayelet","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Stanford University, School of Medicine California USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Kowli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection School of Medicine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Stanford University, School of Medicine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sruti","family":"Nadimpalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Stanford University, School of Medicine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3705-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon F.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Stanford University, School of Medicine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0795-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holden","family":"Maecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection School of Medicine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley A.","family":"Gans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics Stanford University, School of Medicine California 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