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Developmental milestone tasks included four domains: fine and gross motor, language\/communication, and social\/behavioral.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rate of failure to complete age\u2010appropriate tasks was higher among children whose mothers had scored\u00a0\u2265\u00a010 on the EPDS on the majority of tasks in every domain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This large population\u2010based study has demonstrated the association between early maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and failure to meet developmental milestones across domains, until three years. Recommendations for practice focus on the mother, the child, and health policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T08:48:42Z","timestamp":1703234922000},"page":"274-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The first three years: The association of early postpartum depressive symptoms with infant and toddler development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saralee","family":"Glasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Unit Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research Sheba Medical Center affiliated with Tel Aviv University  Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Uziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Department TIMNA Initiative Ministry of Health  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shir","family":"Wagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Services Ministry of Health  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Zaworbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Department TIMNA Initiative Ministry of Health  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yona","family":"Ferber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Services Ministry of Health  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphna","family":"Levinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Services Ministry of Health  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liat","family":"Lerner\u2010Geva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Unit Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research Sheba Medical Center affiliated with Tel Aviv University  Ramat Gan Israel"},{"name":"School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010019\u20102311\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(17)32032\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2012.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2019.1648472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2017.1421286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002688"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. 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