{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:35:19Z","timestamp":1777768519488,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004765","name":"Universiteit van die Vrystaat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The objective of the study was to develop and validate a set of infographics tailored for self\u2010management by patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural Kenya, to prevent chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n In collaboration with two graphic designers and through an iterative participatory process, the authors developed self\u2010management infographics tailored for patients with T2DM. The authors followed the following steps in the development process: goal identification, target audience identification, definition of the intended message, identification of relevant symbols or graphics and infographic compilation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Sample<\/jats:title>\n \n The images were validated by using participatory groups with patients with T2DM (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 13) and healthcare workers (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 7) caring for patients with T2DM. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9186 testing guided the comprehension level of images.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In total, 28 infographics received a score greater than 66%. The following characteristics significantly affected the comprehensibility of the infographics: whether written text was included, prior knowledge, viewers\u2019 frames, image characteristics, whether images were familiar\/commonly encountered, the positioning of images, and colors and measurements that could be interpreted intuitively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The authors conclude that an iterative approach is viable for developing tailored infographics for specific populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.70087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:18:38Z","timestamp":1773004718000},"page":"847-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Validation of Self\u2010Management Infographics for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline Muthoni","family":"Maina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Pienaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of the Free State Bloemfontein South 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