{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:09:51Z","timestamp":1788286191629,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]],"date-time":"2013-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present a novel method to calculate vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013weighted exposure by integrating the incident solar spectral radiance over all relevant parts of the human body. Earlier investigations are based on the irradiance on surfaces, whereas our calculated exposure of a voxel model of a human takes into account the complex geometry of the radiation field. Assuming that sufficient vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (1000 international units) can be produced within the human body in one minute for a completely uncovered body in vertical posture in summer at midlatitudes (<jats:italic>e.g<\/jats:italic>. Rome, June 21, noon, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content> index of 10), we calculate the exposure times needed in other situations or seasons to gain enough vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Our calculations show that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content> index is not a good indicator for the exposure which depends on the orientation of the body (<jats:italic>e.g<\/jats:italic>. vertical (standing) or horizontal (lying down) posture). Without clothing the exposure is dominated by diffuse sky radiation and it is nearly irrelevant how the body in vertical posture is oriented toward the sun. At the winter solstice (December 21, noon, cloudy) at least in central Europe sufficient vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> cannot be obtained with realistic clothing, even if the exposure were extended to all daylight hours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T09:40:49Z","timestamp":1363858849000},"page":"974-983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Novel Method to Calculate Solar <scp>UV<\/scp> Exposure Relevant to Vitamin D Production in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Gunther","family":"Seckmeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schrempf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Riechelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Graw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Seckmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Zankl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3_455"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"WHO(2008)World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. Vitamin D and cancer. IARC Working Group Reports.WHO Press 5 148pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Vitamine, Spurenelemente und Mineralstoffe \u2010Pr\u00e4vention und Therapie mit Mikron\u00e4hrstoffen","author":"Biesalski H. K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09975.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900494"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b804109a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2010.00518.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00400.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"638","article-title":"Bedeutung von Vitamin D in der Krebspr\u00e4vention \u2010 Konflikt zwischen UV\u2010Schutz und Anhebung niedriger Vitamin\u2010D\u2010Spiegel","volume":"107","author":"Zeeb H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.8.1238"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32953-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.3.4.15292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2009.00679.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2005\/0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Visualization of UV exposure of the human body based on data from a scanning UV\u2010measuring system","volume":"49","author":"H\u00f6ppe P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation","author":"WMO","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Action Spectrum for the Production of Previtamin D3 in Human Skin","author":"Bouillon R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: Reference values","volume":"32","author":"ICRP","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICRP Publication 89. Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/1\/307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-36841-0_519"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110100094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","unstructured":"Klemp J. B. M. J.McIrvinandW. S.Boyd(1990)PolyPaint \u2010 A Three\u2010Dimensional Rendering Package pp.286\u2013293. In Sixth International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems American Meteorological Society Boston MA 5 February\u20139 February 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00060793-200202000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198203253061206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1855-2005","article-title":"Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations \u2010 descriptions and examples of use","volume":"5","author":"Mayer B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08723.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-004-0106-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-003-0023-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","unstructured":"Reuder J. (1998)Characterisation of Cloud Types for UV Radiation Modelling. In ECUV European Conference on Atmospheric UV Radiation Helsinki Finland 28 June\u20132 July 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1826.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-5-882"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp05295d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B9PP00012G"}],"container-title":["Photochemistry and Photobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fphp.12074","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.12074","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T08:35:55Z","timestamp":1694594155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/php.12074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/php.12074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.12074","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-8655","1751-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8655","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,27]]}}}