{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:43:16Z","timestamp":1784367796974,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]],"date-time":"2013-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We evaluated six UV nail lamps representative of major US manufacturers to evaluate radiant hazards as defined in ANSI\/IESNA RP\u201027 Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety. Lamps were evaluated at three positions, 1\u00a0cm above the inner surface approximating exposure to the hand and the 20\u00a0cm RP\u201027 non\u2010general light source distance, oriented normal and 45\u00b0 to the opening. Hazard to skin at intended use distance classified these devices into Risk Group 1 or 2 (Low to Moderate) with S(\u03bb) weighted Actinic UV ranging 1.2\u20131.7\u00a0\u03bcW\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b2 and 29.8\u2013276.25\u00a0min permissible daily exposure. At 20\u00a0cm on center and 45\u00b0 UV risk to skin and eyes were all within Exempt classification. Actinic UV ranged 0.001\u20130.078\u00a0\u03bcW\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b2 and unweighted near UV (320\u2013400\u00a0nm) ranged 0.001\u20130.483\u00a0mW\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b2. Likewise the retinal photochemical blue light hazard and retinal thermal and cornea\/lens IR were also Exempt. One device had aphakic eye hazard slightly rising into Risk Group 1 (Low). There were no other photobiological risks to normal individuals. Total exposure following programmed times and steps accumulate to only a small fraction of RP\u201027 permissible daily occupational exposure. These risks are further mitigated in realistic nonoccupational use scenarios as it is unlikely to be a daily occurrence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T11:44:58Z","timestamp":1364557498000},"page":"961-967","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Photobiological Safety Evaluation of\n                    <scp>UV<\/scp>\n                    Nail Lamps"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"John C.","family":"Dowdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rapid Precision Testing Laboratories Cordova TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Sayre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rapid Precision Testing Laboratories Cordova TN"},{"name":"Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN"},{"name":"Department of Physics The University of Memphis Memphis TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2008.622"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"Schoon D. P.BrysonandJ.McConnell(2011)Do UV Nail Lamps Emit Unsafe Levels of Ultraviolet Light?. Available at:http:\/\/probeauty.org\/docs\/nmc\/UV_Lamp_Letter.pdf. Accessed on 9 October 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"Professional Beauty Association(2012)Nail Manufacturer Council on Safety Publications. Available at:http:\/\/www.probeauty.org\/nmc\/. Accessed on 19 October 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","unstructured":"Dowdy J. C.andR. M.Sayre(2012)Photobiological Safety Evaluation of Optical Emissions from UV Fingernail Polish Curing Lamps RADTECH UV\/EB Technology Conference & Expo Chicago IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","unstructured":"Dowdy J. C.andR. M.Sayre(2012)Photobiological Safety Evaluation of UV Fingernail Polish Curing Lamps Abstract WE 7\u20107 36th Meeting of The American Society for Photobiology Applied Photobiology \u2010 Lighting Health and Safety Issues pp.72 Montr\u00e9al QC Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","volume-title":"ANSI\/IESNA RP\u201027.2\u201000, Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps & Lamp Systems \u2010 Measurement Techniques","author":"IESNA Photobiology Committee","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","volume-title":"ANSI\/IESNA RP\u201027.1\u201005, Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps & Lamp Systems \u2010 General Requirements","author":"IESNA Photobiology Committee","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"ANSI\/IESNA RP\u201027.3\u201007, Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps & Lamp Systems \u2010 Risk Group Classification & Labeling","author":"IESNA Photobiology Committee","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","volume-title":"CIE Standard 009\/E:2002, Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems","author":"International Illumination Comission (CIE) Technical Committee 6\u201047","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","volume-title":"Joint International Standard, CEI\/IEC 62471 \u2010 CIE S 009\/E: Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems","author":"International Illumination Comission (CIE), Technical Committee 6\u201047","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.440"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600200067010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01681.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550310016481"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"36548","article-title":"Sunlamp products; Performance standard; Final rule","volume":"50","author":"Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fed. Reg."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","unstructured":"Gundaker W. E.(1986)Policy on Maximum timer Interval and Exposure Schedule for Sunlamp Products. Available at:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Radiation-EmittingProducts\/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures\/HomeBusinessandEntertainment\/UCM192707.pdf. Accessed 30 December 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","volume-title":"CIE Standard S 019\/E:2006, Photocarcinogenesis Action Spectrum (Non\u2010Melanoma Skin Cancers)","author":"International Illumination Comission (CIE) Technical Committee 6\u201032","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","volume-title":"CEI\/IEC 60335 Part 2\u201327: Particular requirements for appliances for skin exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation","author":"International Electrotechnicial Comission (IEC) Technical Committee 61","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CIE Symposium \u201804: Light and health non\u2010visual effects, Vol. CIE x027","author":"Dowdy J. C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","volume-title":"CIE Technical Report N\u00b0 CIE 85, Solar Spectral Irradiance","author":"International Illumination Comission (CIE) Technical Committee 2\u201017","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","volume-title":"CIE Technical Report CIE 151:2003 Spectral Weighting of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation","author":"International Illumination Comission (CIE) Technical Committee 6\u201025","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","unstructured":"Levine J. E.(1990)Medications That Increase Sensitivity to Light: A 1990 Listing. Available at:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Radiation-EmittingProducts\/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures\/SurgicalandTherapeutic\/UCM135813.pdf. Accessed on 30 December 2009 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"673","article-title":"Occupational photodermatitis from parsley","volume":"229","author":"Smith D. M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Practitioner."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660350078017","article-title":"Phytophotodermatitis from celery among grocery store workers","volume":"123","author":"Seligman P. J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680050158029","article-title":"Celery phytophotodermatitis in a chef","volume":"127","author":"Maso M. J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajcd.2002.29948"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","volume-title":"Nail structure and product chemistry","author":"Schoon D. 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