{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:00:42Z","timestamp":1777647642775,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Novel multifunctional photosensitizers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MFPS<\/jats:styled-content>s), 5,10,15\u2010tris(4\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylpyridinium)\u201020\u2010(4\u2010phenylthio)\u2010[21<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>,23<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>]\u2010porphine trichloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTH<\/jats:styled-content>) and 5,10,15\u2010tris(4\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylpyridinium)\u201020\u2010(4\u2010(butyramido\u2010methylcysteinyl)\u2010hydroxyphenyl)\u2010[21<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>,23<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>]\u2010porphine trichloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content>), derived from 5,10,15\u2010Tris(4\u2010methylpyridinium)\u201020\u2010phenyl\u2010[21<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>,23<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>]\u2010porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) and designed for treatment of onychomycosis were characterized and their functionality evaluated. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MFPS<\/jats:styled-content>s should function as nail penetration enhancer and as photosensitizer for photodynamic treatment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>) of onychomycosis. Spectrophotometry was used to characterize <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MFPS<\/jats:styled-content>s with and without 532\u00a0nm continuous\u2010wave 5\u00a0mW\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> laser light (\u00b1\u00a0argon\/mannitol\/NaN<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>). Nail penetration enhancement was screened (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 5, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 8) using water uptake in nails and fluorescence microscopy. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> efficacy was tested (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 5, \u00b1\u00a0argon\/mannitol\/NaN<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> with <jats:italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytus<\/jats:italic> microconida (532\u00a0nm, 5\u00a0mW\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>). A light\u2010dependent absorbance decrease and fluorescence increase were found, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTH<\/jats:styled-content> being less photostable. Argon and mannitol increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTH<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content> photostability; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>NaN<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> had no effect. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> (0.6\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, 2\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) showed 4.6 log kill for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTH<\/jats:styled-content>, 4.4 for Sylsens B and 3.2 for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content> (4.1 for 10\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). Argon increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content>, but decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTH PDT<\/jats:styled-content> efficacy; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>NaN<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> effect of both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MFPS<\/jats:styled-content>s whereas mannitol increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content> effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content> only. Similar penetration enhancement effects were observed for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTH<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 5 and 8) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content> 8). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PORTHE<\/jats:styled-content> is more photostable, effective under low oxygen conditions and thus realistic candidate for onychomycosis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T11:45:21Z","timestamp":1383219921000},"page":"189-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Photodynamic and Nail Penetration Enhancing Effects of Novel Multifunctional Photosensitizers Designed for The Treatment of Onychomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Threes","family":"Smijs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiaotherapy Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Dame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiaotherapy Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"de Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan\u2010Bonne","family":"Aans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiaotherapy Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stan","family":"Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of dermatology Faculty of Medicine Charles University Pilsen Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henricus","family":"Sterenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiaotherapy Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.00988.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.95440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"The prevalence and management of onychomycosis in diabetic patients","volume":"10","author":"Gupta A. 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