{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:49:33Z","timestamp":1772707773160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With increasing age, there is an observable loss of melanin in retinal pigment epithelial (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPE<\/jats:styled-content>) cells. It is possible that degradation of the pigment contributes to the pathogenesis of retinal disease, as the cellular antioxidant material is depleted. Functionally, intact melanin maintains protective qualities, while oxidative degradation of melanin promotes reactive oxygen species (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>) generation and formation of metabolic byproducts, such as melanolipofuscin. Understanding the structural and functional changes to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPE<\/jats:styled-content> melanin with increasing age may contribute to a better understanding of disease progression and risk factors for conditions such as age\u2010related macular degeneration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMD<\/jats:styled-content>). In this study, human donor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPE<\/jats:styled-content> melanin is characterized using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MALDI<\/jats:styled-content> mass spectrometry to follow melanin degradation trends. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> models using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARPE<\/jats:styled-content>\u201019 cells are used to assess photo\u2010reactivity in repigmented cells. Significant protection against intracellular ROS produced by blue light is observed in calf melanin\u2010pigmented cells <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> unpigmented and black latex bead controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B exposure to aged human melanin\u2010pigmented cells results in a significant increase in nitric oxide production <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> control cells (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Peroxide\u2010treated synthetic melanin is characterized to elucidate degradation products that may contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPE<\/jats:styled-content> cell damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,12]],"date-time":"2018-05-12T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1526129384000},"page":"183-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characterization of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Melanin and Degraded Synthetic Melanin Using Mass Spectrometry and <i>In Vitro<\/i> Biochemical Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Sally M.","family":"Yacout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey L.","family":"McIlwain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shama P.","family":"Mirza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee Milwaukee WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(92)85027-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12078"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-10-21-RA-725"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605986103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501971102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980114c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(01)00406-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2006-02-23-RA-809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00234-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(02)00247-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"2864","article-title":"Dynamic analyses reveal cytoprotection by RPE melanosomes against non\u2010photic stress","volume":"17","author":"Burke J. 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