{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:22:07Z","timestamp":1788463327639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]],"date-time":"2018-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation follows people during their whole life. Exposure to UV radiation is vital but holds serious risks, too. The quantification of human UV exposure is a complex issue. UV exposure is directly related to incoming UV radiation as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. The use of badge\u2010sensors allows assessing the UV exposure of differently oriented body sites. Such UV devices have been available for over 40 years, and a variety of measuring campaigns have been undertaken since then. This study provides an overview of those studies which reported measurements of the personal UV exposure (PE) during outdoor activities of people not related to their occupation. This overview is given chronologically to show the progress of knowledge in this research and is given with respect to different activities. Special focus is put on the ratio of personal exposure to ambient UV radiation. This ratio, when given as a function of solar elevation, allows estimating PE at any other location or date if ambient UV radiation is known.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T12:46:04Z","timestamp":1527857164000},"page":"900-915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Review on Nonoccupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Alois W.","family":"Schmalwieser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Physiology and Biophysics University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Siani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/74\/6\/066701"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Lucas R. M. T.McMichael W.SmithandB.Armstrong(2006)Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Global Burden of Disease from Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. Environmental Burden of Disease Series No. 13 Geneva World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00400.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.20013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3749-2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"635","volume-title":"The Biologic Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation with Emphasis on the Skin","author":"Urbach F.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/261169a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3PP50267H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1976.tb01413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92609-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(34)80002-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-2781-8.50009-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400879922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"433","volume-title":"The Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (With Emphasis on the Skin)","author":"Roberston D. F.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1978.tb01463.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1978.tb07331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/22\/2\/010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb02972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01535.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"Vanicek K. T.Frei Z.LitynskaandA.Schmalwieser(2000)UV Index for the Public. COST\u2010713 European Communities Brussels Belgium."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"Global Solar UV Index: A Practical User Guide","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1983.tb01779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb14249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage)(1992)Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation. Technical report CIE 98\u20101992 Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and UV doses received by patients during four\u2010week climate therapy periods in the Canary Islands","volume":"9","author":"Snellman E.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1976.tb06877.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199210000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL01302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92GL01113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","volume-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics","author":"Knapp R. G.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(95)07223-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1998.tb00002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-896.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(95)07216-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1995.tb09877.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","volume-title":"A Practical Guide to Operating Broadband Instruments Measuring Erythemally Weighted Irradiance","author":"Webb A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-199606000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb03255.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2000)0710060CBRAMU2.0.CO2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1995.tb02402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2000.d01-4.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04252.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(96)04414-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/8\/314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000018428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","unstructured":"CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage)(1998)Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose. ISO 17166:1999\/CIE S007\u20101998 Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200108000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2001.170601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2004-11-22-RA-376"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.4.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06797.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2006.00207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Sun exposure behaviour among subgroups of the Danish population","volume":"55","author":"Thieden E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dan. Med. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b418942f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2006.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0709"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00236.x"},{"issue":"54983","key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Individual, environmental, and meteorological predictors of daily personal ultraviolet radiation exposure measurements in a United States cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Cahoon E. K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-012-0556-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","unstructured":"Bener P.(1960)Investigation of the Spectral Intensity of Ultraviolet Sky and Sun+Sky Radiation (between 297.5 and 370 nm) under Different Conditions of Cloudless Weather at 1590 ma.s.l. Contract AF61(052)\u201054 Technical Summary n.1 Physikalisch\u2010Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos Davos Platz Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(88)90012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2011.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","unstructured":"CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage)(1976)CIE 1976 Uniform Color Spaces Colorimetry. CIE publication 15.2 pp.29\u201332 Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","unstructured":"ICNIRP (International Commission on Non\u2010Ionizing Radiation Protection)(1995)Global Solar UV\u2010Index\u2014WHO\u2044WMO\u2044ICNIRP Recommendation. ICNIRP publication No.1 \u2044 95. ICNIRP Oberschleissheim Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","unstructured":"CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage)(2003)International Standard Global Solar UV Index. CIE Standard S 013:2003. CIE Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2009.00472.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","unstructured":"CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage)(2006)Action Spectrum for the Production of Previtamin D3. CIE Publication 174. Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Research Note. A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin","volume":"6","author":"CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage)","year":"1987","journal-title":"CIE J."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.115253"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09975.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2009.00693.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2011.00620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-06-23-RA-590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.005877"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3PP50348H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/1\/015801"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","first-page":"e40","article-title":"Dosimetric measurement of the UV exposure of an Austrian family at the seaside","volume":"21","author":"Maier B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","first-page":"e37","article-title":"UV exposure of tennis player","volume":"22","author":"Maier H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp50154j","article-title":"Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers","volume":"12","author":"Serrano M.\u2010A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1885472"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","first-page":"AB175","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation exposure among recreational and competitive cyclists in Utah","volume":"66","author":"Curtis J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12295"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PP00322E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/22\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14861"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-002-0131-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2003.00031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PP00419E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.08.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.25111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Visualization of UV exposure of the human body based on data from a scanning UV\u2010measuring system","volume":"49","author":"H\u00f6ppe P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00895.x"},{"issue":"63622","key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","first-page":"C1","article-title":"A first approach in measuring, modelling and forecasting the vitamin D effective UV radiation, SPIE 2006, Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"6362","author":"Schmalwieser A. W.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12074"}],"container-title":["Photochemistry and Photobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fphp.12946","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.12946","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1694929657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/php.12946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/php.12946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.12946","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.733362825.793546797","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0031-8655","1751-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8655","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}