{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:55:22Z","timestamp":1765886122658,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]],"date-time":"2018-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The exposure of outdoor car guards to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the majority with deeply pigmented skin, to solar UVR was measured for five consecutive days during early spring (September 2017) in South Africa using electronic UVR dosimeters attached to the upper arm of each participant. The exposure of the nape of the neck, forehead, nose, cheek and hand was extrapolated from the measurements. The onsite ambient solar UVR on a flat, horizontal, unshaded surface was measured concurrently. The sun\u2010related knowledge, behavior and attitudes of the car guards were evaluated using questionnaires. Total personal daily solar UVR exposure as a percentage of the ambient solar UVR exposure was 24%. The exposure of car guards on several body sites was in excess of the occupational threshold limit value. Sleeved shirts and hats were the most commonly used sun protection measures (worn by 70% and 80%, respectively). Considering the high levels of solar UVR reported on most days throughout the year in South Africa, more studies quantifying the personal exposure of outdoor workers in both the informal and formal sectors are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T09:37:31Z","timestamp":1536140251000},"page":"439-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Behaviors and Knowledge Among a High\u2010Risk and Overlooked Group of Outdoor Workers in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Mahlako Malesele","family":"Nkogatse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) Faculty of Health Sciences North\u2010West University Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motsehoa Cynthia","family":"Ramotsehoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) Faculty of Health Sciences North\u2010West University Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick Christofel","family":"Eloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) Faculty of Health Sciences North\u2010West University Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caradee Yael","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Health Research Unit South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology University of Pretoria Pretoria Gauteng"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"International Agency on Cancer Research (IARC) Monographs 100 \u2013 D(2012)Solar and UV radiation. 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