{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:20:06Z","timestamp":1790698806562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":342,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000940","name":"Arthritis Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001562","name":"Cooper Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cutaneous sun exposure is an important determinant of circulating vitamin D. Both sun exposure and vitamin D have been inversely associated with risk of autoimmune disease. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), low circulating vitamin D appears common, but disease\u2010related behavioral changes may have influenced sun exposure. We therefore aimed to determine whether predisease sun exposure is associated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Using validated questionnaires, we retrospectively measured sun exposure for 202 Caucasian\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    case\u2013control pairs born in Victoria Australia, matched for birth year and time of recruitment. Measures included maternal sun exposure at 12\u00a0weeks of pregnancy and child sun exposure across the life\u2010course prediagnosis. We converted exposure to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    dose and looked for case\u2013control differences using logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Higher cumulative prediagnosis\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exposure was associated with reduced risk of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , with a clear dose\u2013response relationship (trend\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.04).\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exposure at 12\u00a0weeks of pregnancy was similarly inversely associated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (trend\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.011). Associations were robust to sensitivity analyses for prediagnosis behavioral changes, disease duration and knowledge of the hypothesis. Our data indicate that lower\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UVR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exposure may increase\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    risk. This may be through decreased circulating vitamin D, but prospective studies are required to confirm this.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T06:44:22Z","timestamp":1540968262000},"page":"867-873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association of Increased Sun Exposure Over the Life\u2010course with a Reduced Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Chiaroni\u2010Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genes, Environment and Complex Disease Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Arthritis and Rheumatology Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Paediatric Rheumatology Unit Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pezic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna E.","family":"Cobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genes, Environment and Complex Disease Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Akikusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Rheumatology Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Paediatric Rheumatology Unit Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Rheumatology Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Paediatric Rheumatology Unit Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Louise","family":"Ponsonby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Environmental and Genetic Epidemiology Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine A.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genes, Environment and Complex Disease Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60363-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-02-15-IR-441"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Exposure to UV wavelengths in sunlight suppresses immunity. 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