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Difficulties in treatment are related to accessibility of drugs, resistance and toxicity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been emerging as a promising treatment for CL. In this work, we evaluated methylene blue (MB)\u2010mediated APDT (MB\u2010APDT) on <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by bioluminescence technique. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, MB\u2010APDT was performed using a red LED (\u03bb\u00a0=\u00a0660\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011\u00a0nm, 100\u00a0mW\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) and MB (100\u00a0\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) at different light doses. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, mice were infected and 4\u00a0weeks later, randomly divided into three groups: control, APDT 1 (single session) and APDT 2 (two sessions of MB\u2010APDT). MB was used at 100\u00a0\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> and energy dose was established at 150\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. Parasite burden, lesion size and pain were evaluated weekly for 4\u00a0weeks. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, lethal dose for 90% parasite inactivation was achieved at 48.8\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. <jats:italic>In vivo,<\/jats:italic> although APDT 1 and APDT 2 groups have showed similar parasite burden after 4\u00a0weeks, two sessions were clinically better, especially considering the inflammatory process associated to CL. Our findings reinforce MB\u2010APDT as a cost\u2010effective treatment to combat CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T08:50:12Z","timestamp":1575363012000},"page":"604-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue\u2010mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on <i>Leishmania<\/i> Parasites Using Real\u2010Time Bioluminescence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Fernanda V.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN\u2010CNEN\/SP) S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caetano P.","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"},{"name":"Biolambda, Translational Biophotonics LTD S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesica A.","family":"Dimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department School of Chemical Sciences National University of C\u00f3rdoba C\u00f3rdoba Argentina"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Institute of Plant Biology (IMBIV) CONICET C\u00f3rdoba Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismael P.","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN\u2010CNEN\/SP) S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro J.","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences University of S\u00e3o Paulo (ICB\/USP) S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4203-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha S.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN\u2010CNEN\/SP) S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO)(2019)Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data. 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