{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:22:29Z","timestamp":1789730549984,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments confirmed that antibacterial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) inactivates periodontal pathogens. However, more effective sterilization is needed in the complex oral environment. This study tested whether dihydroartemisinin (DHA) enhanced the photokilling effect of aPDT on <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic>) in planktonic and biofilm states. aPDT combining toluidine blue O (TBO) with 630\u00a0nm red light was performed on bacterial suspensions and biofilms <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> with different final concentrations of DHA (10, 20 and 40\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The sensitization mechanism was preliminarily investigated by uptake experiments. The above experiments were repeated with different incubation times (30, 60, 120\u00a0s). <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> biofilms exhibited significantly higher resistance to aPDT than <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> in suspension under the same experimental parameters. DHA alone had no cytotoxic effect on <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> with or without light irradiation. In either bacterial suspensions or biofilms, DHA concentration\u2010dependently enhanced the photokilling effect of aPDT and increased TBO uptake by <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic>. Prolonged incubation time enhanced the photokilling efficiency of aPDT until cellular TBO uptake reached saturation. DHA can enhance aPDT activity against <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> in planktonic and biofilm states. DHA also accelerated TBO uptake, reducing incubation time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T09:07:33Z","timestamp":1600765653000},"page":"377-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibacterial Photodynamic Treatment of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i> with Toluidine Blue O and a NonLaser Red Light Source Enhanced by Dihydroartemisinin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dechun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jielin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8855-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.895-902.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.196-203.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c02129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"624","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne): Impact on ophthalmology and visual sciences","volume":"41","author":"Bressler N. 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