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Singlet oxygen in the samples was measured using 10\u00a0\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> 9,10\u2010dimethyl anthracene (positive control 10\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> erythrosine) and relative fluorescence intensities were measured at 375\/436\u00a0nm excitation\/emission. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>cells\/well) preincubated with 0.01\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> rhTNF\u2010\u03b1 for 6\u00a0h were cultured with irradiated azulene samples in RPMI\u20101640 under standard conditions. PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was quantified by rhPGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ELISA kit using a Varioscan\u00ae microplate reader at an excitation wavelength of 420\u00a0nm. Kruskal Wallis with Dunn`s test was performed at a significance level of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05. The highest singlet oxygen amount was found in 10\u00a0\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> azulene samples irradiated at 40\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> under continuous mode (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001 when compared with 10\u00a0\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> erythrosine). PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> expression in rhTNF\u2010\u03b1\u2010induced PBMCs was reduced to 45% of control by 1\u00a0\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> azulene irradiated at 40\u00a0J\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> under fractionation mode. Fractionation mode with intermediate laser energy density in the presence of low concentration of azulene could increase singlet oxygen and tend to reduce PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1603133026000},"page":"427-434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Different Irradiation Modes of Azulene\u2010mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Singlet Oxygen and PGE<sub>2<\/sub> Formation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4795-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teerasak","family":"Damrongrungruang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Diagnosis Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Laser in Dentistry Research Group Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Melatonin Research Group Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suttichon","family":"Rattanayatikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattapon","family":"Sontikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boonsita","family":"Wuttirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroon","family":"Teerakapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser in Dentistry Research Group Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Periodontology Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkom","family":"Kaewrawang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S54630"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2017.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Oral lichen planus resistance to topical corticosteroid therapy","volume":"16","author":"Fahimeh R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Middle\u2010East. 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