{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:18:08Z","timestamp":1785457088528,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the current SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and tuberculosis global pandemics, public health and infection prevention and control professionals wrestle with cost\u2010effective means to control airborne transmission. One technology recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization for lowering indoor concentration of these and other microorganisms and viruses is upper\u2010room ultraviolet 254\u00a0nm (UVC<jats:sub>254<\/jats:sub>) systems. Applying both a material balance as well as some nondimensional parameters developed by Rudnick and First, the impact of several critical parameters and their effect on the fraction of microorganisms surviving UVC<jats:sub>254<\/jats:sub> exposure was evaluated. Vertical airspeed showed a large impact at velocities &lt;0.05\u00a0m\u00a0s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> but a lesser effect at velocities &gt;0.05\u00a0m\u00a0s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. In addition, the efficacy of any upper\u2010room UVC system is influenced greatly by the mean room fluence rate as opposed to a simple volume\u2010 or area\u2010based dosing criteria. An alternative UVC<jats:sub>254<\/jats:sub> dosing strategy was developed based on the fluence rate as a function of the UVC<jats:sub>254<\/jats:sub> luminaire output (W) and the square root of the product of the room volume and the ceiling height.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T08:51:10Z","timestamp":1617180670000},"page":"532-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Critical Design Parameters in Design and Efficacy of Upper\u2010Room UVC<sub>254<\/sub> Luminaire Systems: Part I: Overview of Major Parameters and Relationships<sup>\u2020<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7367-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Arthur","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FAI  Port Orange FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)(2020)Infection Control Guidance for Healthcare Professionals about Coronavirus (COVID\u201019). Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/hcp\/infection\u2010control.html. Accessed on 07 April 2021."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health\u2010care settings, 2005","volume":"54","author":"Jensen P. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Siegel J. D. E.Rhinehart M.Jackson L.Chiarelloandthe Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)(2007)Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. Updated 2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/guidelines\/isolation\/index.htmlandhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/guidelines\/isolation\/updates.html. Accessed on 08 April 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO)(2014)Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic\u2010 and Pandemic\u2010prone Acute Respiratory Infections in Health Care. Geneva Switzerland. Available at:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/infection\u2010prevention\u2010and\u2010control\u2010of\u2010epidemic\u2010and\u2010pandemic\u2010prone\u2010acute\u2010respiratory\u2010infections\u2010in\u2010health\u2010care. Accessed on 08 April 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO)(2019)WHO Guidelines on Tuberculosis Infection Prevention and Control 2019 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization. License: CC\u00a0BY\u2010NC\u2010SA\u00a03.0 IGO. Available at:https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/311259\/9789241550512\u2010eng.pdf. Accessed on 08 April 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"Karlicek R.andL.Scott(2020)Understand the facts about UV\u2010C LEDs and germicidal applications.LEDs Magazine Endeavor Business Media Nashville TN. 08 October 2020. Available at:https:\/\/www.ledsmagazine.com\/lighting\u2010health\u2010wellbeing\/article\/14183833\/understand\u2010the\u2010facts\u2010about\u2010uvc\u2010leds\u2010and\u2010germicidal\u2010applications\u2010magazine. Accessed on 08 April 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"UV disinfection products","volume":"14","author":"National Lighting Product Information Program, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light. Answers"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"TLVs\u00ae and BEIs\u00ae: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"ANSI\/UL Standard 1598, UL Standard for Luminaires","author":"Underwriters Laboratories","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Underwriters Laboratories(2018)UL Standard 1598 UL Standard for Luminaires 4th Edition. Annex (new) L Additional Requirements For Germicidal Equipment (Part of UL Standard 1598 but not part of ANSI\/UL Standard 1598). Issued 29 June 2020 and revised 19 August 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"869","article-title":"Guidelines for the application of upper\u2010room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for preventing transmission of airborne contagion\u2014part I: Basic principles","volume":"105","author":"First M. W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0060OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0060OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620701298167"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_6_17_1.1","unstructured":"Miller S. L. M.Hernandez K.Fennelly J.Martyny J.Macher E.Kujundzic P.Xu P.Fabian J.PecciaandC.Howard(2002)Efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation in controlling the spread of tuberculosis. Cincinnati OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health final report contract no. 200-97-2602"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_6_17_1.2","unstructured":"NTIS No. PB2003-103816. Available at:https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111016050454\/http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/nas\/RDRP\/appendices\/chapter6\/a6\u201023.pdf. Accessed on 08 April 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00825-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0504892"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30148352"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"4\u20101","volume-title":"Industrial Ventilation \u2013 A Manual of Recommended Practice","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Proceedings of Indoor Air \u201899\u2019: 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 8\u201313","author":"Xu P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene","author":"Wells W. F.","year":"1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00117-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Architectural Design and Indoor Microbial Pollution","author":"Riley R. L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.5.1286"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Presentation: What UVGI Upper Room Performance is Possible? \u2013 What is Adequate? International UVGI Guidelines Conference","author":"Boehme H.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(2009)Environmental Control for Tuberculosis: Basic Upper\u2010room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Guidelines for Healthcare Settings. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2009\u2010105\/. Accessed on 08 April 2021."}],"container-title":["Photochemistry and Photobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.13425","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/php.13425","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.13425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T19:40:24Z","timestamp":1693424424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/php.13425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/php.13425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.13425","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-8655","1751-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8655","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}