{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:13:28Z","timestamp":1790273608501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES030557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES030557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some early reports demonstrate that levels of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) may increase after UVR exposure had ended, although these observations were treated as artifacts. More recently, it has been shown unequivocally that CPD formation does occur post\u2010irradiation, with maximal levels occurring after about 2\u20133\u2009h. These lesions have been termed \u201cdark CPD\u201d (dCPD). Subsequent studies have confirmed their presence <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>, in mouse models and in human skin <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>. Melanin carbonyls have a role in the formation of dCPD, but they have also been observed in amelanotic systems, indicating other, unknown process(es) exist. In both cases, the formation of dCPD can be prevented by the presence of certain antioxidants. We lack data on the spectral dependence of dCPD, but it is unlikely to be the same as for incident CPD (iCPD), which are formed only during irradiation. There is evidence that iCPD and dCPD may have different repair kinetics, although this remains to be elucidated. It is also unknown whether iCPD and dCPD have different biological properties. The formation of dCPD in human skin <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> has implications for post solar exposure photoprotection, and skin carcinogenesis, with a need for this to be investigated further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T17:13:34Z","timestamp":1635354814000},"page":"609-616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Perspectives on Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers\u2014Rise of the Dark Dimers<sup>\u2020<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl P.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John\u2019s Institute of Dermatology King\u2019s College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6896-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George J.","family":"Delinasios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute of Anticancer Research  Kapandriti Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Premi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Biology Department H. 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