{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:03:20Z","timestamp":1773029000519,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>During summer of 2019\/2020, Sydney, Australia, experienced several days of extreme air pollution and low visibility due to bushfires. This research presents a case study that investigates the erythemal UV irradiance and resulting 1\u2009h erythemal and 8\u2009h actinic exposures during the worst of these days. Air quality, meteorological and UV data used in the analysis were readily available online or by request from governmental agencies. Analysis showed that even for the lowest visibility day (which had a minimum visibility of less than a kilometer) on 10 December 2019, there was a cumulative 1\u2009h erythemal UV exposure of over 4 SED (standard erythema dose) and a cumulative 8\u2009h exposure of 17 SED by the late afternoon. The 1\u2009h exposure exceeded that of a minimum erythemal dose. Even on this extremely hazy day, these cumulative exposures are enough to exceed the recommended daily exposure limit for actinic exposures weighted with the health sensitivity spectrum for the skin and eyes set by the International Commission of Non\u2010Ionizing Radiation Protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T08:30:24Z","timestamp":1643790624000},"page":"1236-1244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Case Study of UV Exposure Risk in Sydney during the 2019\/2020 New South Wales Bushfires"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien P.","family":"Igoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences University of Southern Queensland  Toowoomba Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8430-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfio V.","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honorary Position School of Sciences Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences University of Southern Queensland  Toowoomba Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences University of Southern Queensland  Toowoomba Qld Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Climate Science University of Southern Queensland  Toowoomba Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1224-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences University of Southern Queensland  Toowoomba Qld Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Climate Science University of Southern Queensland  Toowoomba Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50545"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049158.2020.1769899"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Impact of Australia\u2019s catastrophic 2019\/20 bushfire season on communities and environment: Retrospective analysis and current trends","volume":"1","author":"Filkov A. I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"JSSR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50511"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Regional Population","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac02a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.10.0427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ab9e1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1883-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab8b12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00053.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09854.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004RG000155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12020132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Explainer: How bushfire smoke can affect UV levels","author":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Standard erythema dose, a review, CIE 125\u20131997, CIE Central Bureau, Vienna, Austria","author":"CIE (International Commission on Illumination)","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"WMO (World Meteorological Organization)(1994).Report of the WMO meeting of experts on UV\u2010B measurements data quality and standardization of UV indices Les Diablerets Switzerland 25\u201028 July 1994 WMO\/TD\u2010NO. 625."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Global Solar UV Index A practical Guide, A joint recommendation of the World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization, United Nations Environment Programme and the International Commission on Non\u2010Ionizing Radiation Protection","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2003)0780342MSUREO2.0.CO2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7PP00374A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32056-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PP00131E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7421-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"ICNIRP statement on protection of workers against ultraviolet radiation","volume":"99","author":"International Commission on Non\u2010Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.9.6sup_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1473-2165.2002.00060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Science Agency (ARPANSA) (n.d.)How to use the ultraviolet radiation index charts. Available at:https:\/\/www.arpansa.gov.au\/our\u2010services\/monitoring\/ultraviolet\u2010radiation\u2010monitoring\/ultraviolet\u2010radiation\u2010indexAccessed on 27 December 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","unstructured":"Henderson S. P.GiesandD.Hardman(2018)Introducing a new generation of solar UVR detectors for the ARPANSA UV monitoring network. NIWA UV Workshop Wellington New Zealand 4\u20106 Apr 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","unstructured":"NSW Government Department of Planning Industry & Environment (DPIE) (n.d.).Standards and goals for measuring air pollution. Available at:https:\/\/www.environment.nsw.gov.au\/topics\/air\/understanding\u2010air\u2010quality\u2010data\/standards\u2010and\u2010goals. Accessed on 27 December 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Air quality monitoring in NSW: From long term trend monitoring to integrated urban services","volume":"54","author":"Riley M. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Air Quality Climate Change"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6914"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11080856"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-965-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","volume-title":"DustWatch Report November 2019","author":"DustWatch","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2011.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","volume-title":"Special Climate Statement 72 \u2013 dangerous bushfire weather in Spring 2019","author":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007EO020003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","unstructured":"WMO (World Meteorological Organisation)(2018)Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observations Volume 1: Measurement of Meteorological Variables WMO no. 8."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","unstructured":"NSW Government Department of Planning Industry & Environment (DPIE)(n.d.).How and why we monitor air pollution. Available at:https:\/\/www.environment.nsw.gov.au\/topics\/air\/air\u2010quality\u2010basics\/sampling\u2010air\u2010pollution. Accessed on 27 December 2021."}],"container-title":["Photochemistry and Photobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.13603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/php.13603","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.13603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1695191312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/php.13603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/php.13603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.13603","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-8655","1751-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8655","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}