{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:27:34Z","timestamp":1792441654716,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRG\/2019\/002156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG\/2019\/002156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthraquinone class of compounds possesses a broad spectrum of therapeutic applications. Cancer cell targeting ability, together with photogeneration of reactive oxygen species, renders anthraquinones an interesting class of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Screening of newer compounds for better singlet oxygen generation is of current interest to improve the practical usability in PDT. In this study, we investigate the photodynamic activity of nine commercially available anthraquinones, using EPR spectroscopy and computational techniques, to identify the role of substituents on singlet oxygen yield. Three anthraquinone derivatives, 1,5\u2010diaminoanthraquinone, 15\u2010dihydroxyanthraquinone and 1,2,7\u2010trihydroxyanthraquinone, showed highest singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.21, 0.18 and 0.15, respectively) relative to Rose Bengal. Time\u2010dependent density functional theory calculations indicate the singlet oxygen quantum yield of anthraquinones inversely correlate well with the excited singlet\u2013triplet (S1\u2010T1) energy gap. Electron\u2010donating substituents present at positions 1, 2 and 5 of anthraquinone seem to reduce the S1\u2010T1 energy gap, facilitating inter\u2010system crossing and the production of singlet oxygen. This would greatly aid in the design of newer anthraquinone\u2010based photosensitizers. This study also highlights the suitability of 1,5\u2010diaminoanthraquinone for PDT applications as demonstrated by <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments of photoinduced DNA cleavage and photocytotoxicity in Dalton\u2019s lymphoma ascites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T18:40:10Z","timestamp":1647369610000},"page":"1426-1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of Substituents on the Photodynamic Action of Anthraquinones: EPR, Computational and <i>In Vitro<\/i> Studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pandian","family":"Sokkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education  Kelambakkam Tamil Nadu India"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University  Madurai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anish","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University  Madurai Tamil Nadu India"},{"name":"Stephenson Cancer Center University of Oklahoma Health Science Center  Oklahoma City OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anbazhagan","family":"Kolandaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University  Madurai Tamil Nadu India"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital  Kambipira, Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felsis Angelene","family":"Daison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education  Kelambakkam Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murugesan","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education  Kelambakkam Tamil Nadu India"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University  Madurai Tamil Nadu India"},{"name":"Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071672"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000328"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2019-0198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-020-02587-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20094"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179522"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45395"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"153786","article-title":"Emodin induces apoptosis and suppresses non\u2010small\u2010cell lung cancer\u00a0growth via downregulation of sPLA2\u2010IIa","author":"Zhang F.\u2010Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"2372","article-title":"Emodin inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF\u20107 cells through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"11","author":"Zhang N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2019-0230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.05.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00337-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9801105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA05686G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(95)00183-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2021.116463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of isolated anthraquinones from the root of Rubia cordifolia Linn","volume":"27","author":"Srinivasulu P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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