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Nonetheless, the RB solution can become diluted or dispersed over the tissue and prevented from penetrating the nail plate to reach the subungual area where fungal infection proliferates. Nanoparticles carrying RB can mitigate the problem of dilution and are reported to effectively penetrate through the nail. For this reason, we have synthesized RB\u2010encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles with a peak distribution size of ~200\u2009nm and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The RB\u2010encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles aPDT were shown to kill more than 99% of <jats:italic>T.\u2009rubrum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T.\u2009mentagrophytes<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>T.\u2009interdigitale<\/jats:italic> spores, which are the common clinically relevant pathogens in onychomycosis. These nanoparticles are not cytotoxic against human fibroblasts, which promotes their safe application in clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T09:33:05Z","timestamp":1689931985000},"page":"115-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rose bengal\u2013encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for the photodynamic treatment of <i>Trichophyton<\/i> species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2542-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Bekmukhametova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science Western Sydney University  Penrith New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Antony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Western 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