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However, Photofrin\u2010PDT failed to gain popularity due to bladder complications. The PDT with red light and IV\u2010administered Photofrin could permanently damage the bladder muscle. We have been developing a new combination strategy of PpIX\u2010PDT with singlet oxygen\u2010cleavable prodrugs for NMIBC with minimal side effects, avoiding damage to the bladder muscle layer. PpIX can be excited by either green (532\u2009nm) or red (635\u2009nm) light. Red light could be more efficacious in\u00a0vivo due to its deeper tissue penetration than green light. Since HAL preferentially produces PpIX in tumors, we hypothesized that illuminating PpIX with red light might spare the muscle layer. PpIX\u2010PDT was used to compare green and red laser efficacy in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of in\u00a0vitro PpIX\u2010PDT was 18\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> with the red laser and 22\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> with the green laser. The in\u00a0vivo efficacy of the red laser with 50, 75, and 100\u2009mW total dose was similar to the same dose of green laser in reducing tumor volume. Combining PpIX\u2010PDT with prodrugs methyl\u2010linked mitomycin C (Mt\u2010L\u2010MMC) and rhodamine\u2010linked SN\u201038 (Rh\u2010L\u2010SN\u201038) significantly improved efficacy (tumor volume comparison). PpIX\u2010PDT or PpIX\u2010PDT\u2009+\u2009prodrug combination did not cause muscle damage in histological analysis. Overall, a combination of PpIX\u2010PDT and prodrug with 635\u2009nm laser is promising for non\u2010muscle invasive bladder cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T10:26:29Z","timestamp":1711535189000},"page":"1659-1675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of red and green light for treating non\u2010muscle invasive bladder cancer in rats using singlet oxygen\u2010cleavable prodrugs with <scp>PPIX\u2010PDT<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Kazi Md Mahabubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soniya","family":"Kumbham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Bist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukyung","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0835-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngjae","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.10.2738"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365598709180320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12301-020-00099-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64043-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2022.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.12.889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40683"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2019.03.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.8.085007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"6227","article-title":"Blue light cystoscopy for detection and treatment of non\u2010muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"19","author":"Mark JR","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.6.063813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiJ ZhuTC.Modeling light fluence rate distribution in optically heterogeneous prostate photodynamic therapy using a kernel method. 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