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PDT experiments were performed with four of the most common bacteria found in abdominal abscesses:\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . MB concentration was varied from 50 to 300\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, and the laser fluence rate was varied from 1 to 4\u2009mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    at a fluence of 7.2\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Higher fluence rates and fluences were explored for\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Primary outcomes were the reduction in colony\u2010forming units (CFU) following PDT and measured MB uptake following drug incubation. Gram\u2010positive bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were eradicated at all MB concentrations and laser fluence rates tested. Efficacy was reduced for\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    but still resulted in &gt;6 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction in CFU when MB concentration was at least 100\u2009\u03bcg\/mL.\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    required higher fluence (28.8\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to achieve comparable efficacy, while increasing fluence rate did not have a significant effect on PDT efficacy. MB uptake was reduced in Gram\u2010negative species compared to Gram\u2010positive species, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , although uptake was not significantly correlated with CFU reduction. Gram\u2010positive bacteria can be eradicated in\u00a0vitro with low levels of MB (50\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), laser fluence (7.2\u2009J\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and laser fluence rate (1\u2009mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed substantial cell killing (&gt;6 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU reduction) with these same parameters. Low MB uptake and PDT efficacy in\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    could be overcome by increasing the laser fluence, while increasing fluence rate did not have an effect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.14092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T22:34:25Z","timestamp":1743201265000},"page":"1232-1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Susceptibility of bacterial species commonly found in abdominal abscesses to low\u2010dose photodynamic therapy: Effects of methylene blue concentration, fluence rate, and fluence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Darrian S.","family":"Hawryluk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester  Rochester New York 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