{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:25:02Z","timestamp":1780323902941,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study aimed to evaluate the safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) during oral carcinogenesis using a 4\u2010nitroquinoline 1\u2010oxide (4NQO) rat model, which serves as a surrogate for tobacco\u2010induced oral cancer. Forty male Wistar rats received 4NQO (25\u2009ppm) in drinking water for either 12 or 20\u2009weeks to induce oral lesions. Animals were divided into two groups: Control and PDT. PDT was applied weekly from the beginning of the protocol. A 5\u2010aminolevulinic acid (5\u2010ALA) solution was topically applied to the posterior tongue, followed by laser irradiation guided by fluorescence detection 2\u2009h post\u2010application. Clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical (Ki\u201067) evaluations were performed. Lesions on the posterior dorsum of the tongue manifested in all animals, initially presented as white patches, and over time, progressed to erosive lesions, nodules, and ulcers. Histopathological analysis revealed that epithelial dysplasia predominated at 12\u2009weeks, while squamous cell carcinoma was more frequent at 20\u2009weeks in both groups. No significant differences were observed between the Control and PDT groups concerning clinical appearance or microscopic analysis at either time point. However, Ki\u201067 expression was significantly lower in the PDT group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicating reduced cell proliferation. Cellular proliferation was also downregulated at distant sites, specifically in the anterior tongue, similar to that observed in 4NQO\u2010treated posterior tongue in the PDT group relative to controls at 12 and 20\u2009weeks, suggesting that the antiproliferative effect of PDT extends beyond the irradiated site. Although PDT did not significantly influence lesion progression, it was found to markedly reduce Ki\u201067 expression levels \u2013 even at non\u2010irradiated sites. This observation suggests a potential suppressive effect of PDT on cellular proliferation, which may play a role in modulating tumor growth during the carcinogenesis process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T09:06:07Z","timestamp":1755162367000},"page":"755-767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental assessment of photodynamic therapy effects on\n                    <scp>4NQO<\/scp>\n                    \u2010induced rat tongue carcinogenesis: Clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Lauren Frenzel","family":"Schuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Diagnosis Department Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas  Piracicaba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Diagnosis in Pathology and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, Universidad de la Republica  Montevideo Uruguay"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuany Rafaeli","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Campagnol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian Petersen","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuane Nerissa Alves","family":"Garcez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia Antunes","family":"Deluca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Martins","family":"Silvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnosis in Pathology and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, Universidad de la Republica  Montevideo Uruguay"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronell","family":"Bologna\u2010Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnosis in Pathology and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, Universidad de la Republica  Montevideo Uruguay"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris Krebs","family":"Danilevicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6782-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane Helena","family":"Squarize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"},{"name":"Michigan University, School of Dentistry Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Moraes","family":"Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"},{"name":"Michigan University, School of Dentistry Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio Trevizani","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Biophotonics in Dentistry (BioPHOTO Dent)  Brazil"},{"name":"Departament of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei Salvador","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Materials Science, S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Kurachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Materials Science, S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  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