{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:06:32Z","timestamp":1784545592219,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006214","name":"Creative Capital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006214","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005889","name":"George A. and Eliza Gardner Howard Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005889","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Melanin pigments find a diverse field of practical application including art. One of the authors has developed a method of printing images with genetically modified\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells that produce melanin onto paper using the screen\u2010printing process. The method prints the cell culture and then incubates the paper over 3\u2009days, allowing the cells to deposit the melanin as they reproduce. However, using melanin comes with challenges related to color fading of \u201cmelanin\u2010on\u2010paper.\u201d The aim of this study was to evaluate how melanin\u2010on\u2010paper was photobleached. First, we characterized\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EC)\u2010melanins by spectrophotometric and chemical degradation methods, which indicated that EC\u2010melanins consisted of 98% eumelanin and 2% pheomelanin with high purity (ca. 80%). Second, we evaluated photomodification of melanin\u2010on\u2010paper during 19\u2009months of exposure to ambient light, showing that the exposure caused photobleaching of the melanin color intensity to a half with cross\u2010linking of 5,6\u2010dihydroxyindole\u20102\u2010carboxylic acid units of eumelanin structure and photodegradation of 5,6\u2010dihydroxyindole units. These results indicate that melanin\u2010on\u2010paper undergoes gradual bleaching during months of exposure to sunlight with robust changes in melanin structure. To mitigate deterioration of melanin\u2010on\u2010paper by sunlight, one option would be to frame it under UV protective acrylic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T04:45:29Z","timestamp":1757738729000},"page":"832-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Melanin in art: Photobleaching of melanin\u2010on\u2010paper is accompanied by robust modification of eumelanin structure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fine Arts Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Gosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Celular y Biocat\u00e1lisis, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina G.","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Oyesiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Wakamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Melanin Chemistry Fujita Health University  Toyoake Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shosuke","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Melanin Chemistry Fujita Health University  Toyoake Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00285"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1996.tb00116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00864.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2002.02009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"The Book & Paper Group 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