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This phenomenon is evidenced by a biphasic killing curve, where an initial rapid decline is followed by a slowed death phase. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) represents a promising strategy for microbial eradication through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study investigated persistence formation in two\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u2009aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and evaluated the effects of PDI using curcumin. Time\u2010kill assays with oxacillin revealed biphasic killing curves, indicative of persistence. Heritability testing confirmed that persistence was not passed on to progeny, supporting its phenotypic nature. PDI was performed using curcumin and blue light (450\u2009nm), resulting in a dose\u2010dependent reduction in bacterial viability. However, populations that survived PDI exhibited tolerance\u2010like behavior, with unchanged MIC values, suggesting that ROS generated during PDI may induce a transient dormant state. Notably, post\u2010PDI time\u2010kill assays conducted after metabolic recovery showed a higher rate of bacterial death, indicating enhanced antibiotic susceptibility. In contrast, methicillin\u2010resistant strains (MRSA) showed limited persistence induction, likely due to enhanced oxidative stress defenses. These are important to the understanding of bacterial physiological states when designing therapeutic strategies. The timing of antibiotic administration relative to PDI treatment plays a crucial role in treatment efficacy, which may be either enhanced or compromised depending on bacterial adaptation and recovery dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.70036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1757995141000},"page":"924-933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Photodynamic inactivation increases cell death rate on persistent\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5174-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vit\u00f3ria Silva","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Carolina","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei Salvador","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0361-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate Cristina","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics University of Sao Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/HEALTHCARE11131946"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Tackling Drug\u2010Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. 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