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Various generators of free radicals were tested: Victoria Blue as a type I sensitizer with minimal generation of singlet oxygen (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03a6<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\u0394<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u20090.2%), hydrophilic (Fe(III)\u2010ADP) and hydrophobic (Fe(III)\u20108HQ) ferric ion complexes and thermolabile, hydrophilic azo compound (AAPH). The rate of free radicals\u2010induced lipid peroxidation was shown to be reduced by TUDCA in the tested systems. The significant efficiency of TUDCA in retarding LOOH accumulation when lipid oxidation was induced by a hydrophobic ferric ion complex suggests that TUDCA is associated with membranes and operates most efficiently in a lipophilic environment. The efficiency of TUDCA to inhibit peroxidation of lipids induced by free radicals generated in a Fenton\u2010type reaction suggests that the compound may chelate iron ions, thereby reducing their redox activity. Calculations performed using the DOCER algorithm support this hypothesis, indicating that the interaction energies of TUDCA with iron ions fall between those of the two reference models: 8HQ\u2010 and the ADP\u2010iron ion complex. This confirms an intermediate interaction pattern.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T10:51:48Z","timestamp":1777978308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant properties of tauroursodeoxycholic acid towards free radicals revisited"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5763-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Waresiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7598-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zanyar Othman","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7301-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej C.","family":"\u017b\u0105d\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3450-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz M.","family":"Borowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences  Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7693-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz J.","family":"Sarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2911-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University  Krakow 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