{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:49:06Z","timestamp":1791622146090,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recent experimental studies have indicated the potential for ultraviolet C irradiation at 222\u2009nm (Far\u2010UVC) to be used in occupied rooms to safely reduce exposure to airborne pathogens. We present simulations coupling Monte Carlo radiation transfer with computational fluid dynamics to predict the spatial variation in airborne microorganism inactivation. Our simulations effectively reproduce data from steady\u2010state experiments in a room\u2010sized bioaerosol chamber for the reduction of aerosolized\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Application of the validated model suggests that germicidal Far\u2010UVC lamps could reduce levels of airborne human coronavirus by more than 90% in rooms with low ventilation rates. Depending on the UVC susceptibility of the aerosolized pathogen, Far\u2010UVC lamps have the potential to provide in excess of 100 equivalent air changes per hour, much greater than is possible with mechanical ventilation or filtration devices. The success of our simulations at reproducing the experimental data provides confidence that we can simulate larger environments where steady\u2010state airflow is appropriate and inform best practices for installations of germicidal Far\u2010UVC lamps.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:18:38Z","timestamp":1791620318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validated computational modeling to evaluate spatial inactivation of airborne pathogens by Far\u2010\n                    <scp>UVC<\/scp>\n                    irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo H.","family":"Pe\u00f1aloza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPA, School of Physics &amp; Astronomy University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fluid Gravity Engineering  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7824-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewan","family":"Eadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Tayside, Photobiology Unit Ninewells Hospital and Medical School  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3084-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Noakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco\u2010Felipe","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPA, School of Physics &amp; Astronomy University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118789"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"The mechanism of spread of Asian influenza","volume":"83","author":"Jordan WS","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0060OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FischerRJ PortJR HolbrookMG et\u00a0al.UV\u2010C light completely blocks highly contagious Delta SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 aerosol transmission in hamsters. bioRxiv 2022 2022.01.10.475722.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.10.475722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08462-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76597-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99204-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.112734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"Governmental Industrial Hygienists American Conference of.TLVs and BEIs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200408000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.13161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Turn up the lights, leave them on and Shine them all around\u2014numerical simulations point the way to more efficient use of far\u2010UVC lights for the inactivation of airborne coronavirus","volume":"10","author":"Wood K","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.168744"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"NoakesCJ FletcherLA SleighPA BoothWB Beato\u2010ArribasB TomlinsonN.Comparison of tracer techniques for evaluating the behaviour of bioaerosols in hospital isolation rooms. Healthy Buildings 2009 Syracuse 13\u201017th September2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/307939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ClausH CookseyCC.Reflectance measurements of building materials in the far UVC (222 nm) wavelength range. UV and Higher Energy Photonics: From Materials to Applications 2022. 12201. 2022. 1220106.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2633541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook: UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection","author":"Kowalski W","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c08675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67211-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.13146"}],"container-title":["Photochemistry and Photobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.70151","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/php.70151","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.70151","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:18:39Z","timestamp":1791620319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/php.70151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/php.70151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.70151","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-8655","1751-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8655","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"php.70151"}}