{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:58:54Z","timestamp":1790398734032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The formation of biofilms protects bacteria from antibiotic therapy or disinfection based on different mechanisms. The treatment of biofilms is furthermore impeded by their characteristic of being composed of multiple species; thus, it is necessary to identify involved species to determine an appropriate treatment. Consequently, new methods for inactivating involved bacteria in biofilms are necessary. One possibility might be the use of skin\u2010compatible doses of 233\u2009nm far\u2010UV\u2010C irradiation. In the presented study, the potential for biofilm formation of various bacteria species and strains was identified using a plate\u2010based assay (crystal violet staining) as well as two cultivation\u2010based assays on agar plates (Congo red, calcofluor). Strains of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    were selected and grown on stainless steel carriers for 24\u2009h followed by irradiation with skin\u2010tolerable doses of 233\u2009nm far\u2010UV\u2010C radiation (20\u201380\u2009mJ\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Viability of bacteria was assessed via quantification of colony\u2010forming units. Irradiation led to a statistically significant inactivation of up to 2.28 lg (\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), 2.60 lg (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and 1.16 lg (\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Higher doses tended to result in slightly higher inactivation, but without statistical significance. Since UV\u2010C irradiation does not remove bacteria and the surrounding matrix, additional cleansing is necessary for biofilm removal. But UV\u2010C irradiation can be an effective addition to cleansing and chemical treatment for biofilm inactivation. Therefore, for potential applications on skin or mucous membranes, UV\u2010C currently represents a valuable additional method that broadens the antiseptic treatment repertoire.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/php.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:17:51Z","timestamp":1790396271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["233\u2009nm far\u2010\n                    <scp>UV<\/scp>\n                    \u2010C radiation for biofilm inactivation"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8891-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Zwicker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia Maja Lotta","family":"Bradtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3901-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neysha Lobo","family":"Ploch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdinand\u2010Braun\u2010Institut (FBH)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils\u2010Olaf","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020109"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","article-title":"A comprehensive review on biofilms in otorhinolaryngology: understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies","volume":"16","author":"Ghosh Moulic A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12587"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2023.11.807","article-title":"Biofilm tolerance, resistance and infections increasing threat of public health","volume":"10","author":"Yang S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010003","article-title":"Biofilms as promoters of bacterial antibiotic resistance and tolerance","volume":"10","author":"Uru\u00e9n C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9033278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01216","article-title":"The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance","volume":"6","author":"Balc\u00e1zar JL","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105320"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49745-3","article-title":"Irradiation of human oral mucosa by 233 nm far UV\u2010C LEDs for the safe inactivation of nosocomial pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Schleusener J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2025.113262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01999-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94070-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06397-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00122-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00171-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067484"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4151-4158.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom7040075"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2016.4.412","article-title":"Biofilm formation in hafnia alvei HUMV\u20105920, a human isolate","volume":"2","author":"Itziar C\u2010G","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/dgkh000378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA00900J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13123-4","article-title":"Cell density and extracellular matrix composition mitigate bacterial biofilm sensitivity to UV\u2010C LED irradiation","volume":"108","author":"Labadie M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60459-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1570334","article-title":"Assessment of the anti\u2010biofilm effect of UV\u2010C irradiation (254 nm) against healthcare associated infections related microorganisms","volume":"16","author":"Palma F","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hygiene2030010"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.05.005","article-title":"Far\u2010ultraviolet irradiation at 222 nm destroys and sterilizes the biofilms formed by periodontitis pathogens","volume":"57","author":"Nishikawa J","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11010062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177420963829"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of octenidine and polihexanide against biofilms composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"2","author":"Harbs N","year":"2007","journal-title":"GMS Krankenhaushyg Interdiszip"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000350172"}],"container-title":["Photochemistry and Photobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.70153","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/php.70153","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/php.70153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:17:58Z","timestamp":1790396278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/php.70153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/php.70153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.70153","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-8655","1751-1097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8655","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-1097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"php.70153"}}