{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:59:53Z","timestamp":1792166393192,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photostability or photo\u2010instability of sunscreen products is most often discussed in undesirable terms with respect to human safety. The health risks, specifically associated with sunscreens, photostable or photo\u2010unstable, include phototoxic\/photoirritation or photoallergic responses and, longer\u2010term, an increased risk of skin cancers or photoageing. The aims of this paper are to define photostability\/photo\u2010instability and objectively assess the acute and chronic toxicological consequences from the human exposure to UV filter\/sunscreens and any probable photo\u2010degradation products. The reported prevalence of photoirritation and photoallergic responses to sunscreens is rare compared with adverse events, for example, skin irritation or sensitization, produced by cosmetics or topically applied drugs and do not directly implicate potential photo\u2010degradation products of UV filters. Moreover, for at least one photo\u2010unstable combination, octyl methoxycinnamate and avobenzone, the long\u2010term benefits to humans, i.e., reduction in skin cancers, seem to outweigh any potential adverse consequences attributed to photo\u2010degradation. Sunscreen products are formulated to achieve maximum efficacy which, by necessity and design, incorporate measures to support and promote photostability since all organic UV filters have the potential to photo\u2010degrade. Current performance measures, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> SPF and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> UVA, conducted under standardized conditions, in part account for photostability. The concerns expressed when considering human exposure to potential photo\u2010unstable UV filters or sunscreen products may not manifest as health risks under conditions of use. Still, improvement in sunscreen product photostability continues to be a key strategic objective for manufacturers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T07:38:06Z","timestamp":1389944286000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Relevance of <scp>UV<\/scp> filter\/sunscreen product photostability to human safety"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"J. Frank","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Product Safety Global Product Stewardship The Procter &amp; Gamble Company  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Product Safety Global Product Stewardship The Procter &amp; Gamble Company  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"35620","article-title":"Labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over\u2010the\u2010counter human use. Final rule","volume":"76","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Sunscreens: regulations and commercial development","author":"Bonda CA","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.109291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2012.00748.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25112d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b9pp00158a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09677.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2005.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"UV\u2010induced photoproducts of paraaminobenzoid acid","volume":"2","author":"Gasparro FP","year":"1985","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"PABA: friend or foe?","volume":"3","author":"Gasparro FP","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Measurements of the photodegradation of PABA and some PABA derivatives","volume":"5","author":"Flindt\u2010Hansen H","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000250908"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Photocontact dermatitis: current status with emphasis on allergic contact photosensitivity (CPS) occurrence, allergens, and practical phototesting","volume":"5","author":"Wennersten G","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"The Scandinavian multicenter photopatch study 1980\u20131985: final report","volume":"5","author":"Thune P","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70154-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70175-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(00)90124-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03141.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(90)90110-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(91)80169-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Photocarcinogenesis is retarded by a partly photodegraded solution of para\u2010aminobenzoic acid","volume":"6","author":"Flindt\u2010Hansen H","year":"1989","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Photocarcinogenesis in mice and the effect of a sunscreen, para\u2010aminobenzoic acid","volume":"39","author":"Flindt\u2010Hansen H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(92)80025-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(95)07118-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"23350","article-title":"Marketing status of products containng avobenzone; enforcement policy","volume":"62","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Photoallergic and allergic contact dermatitis from dibenzoylmethanes","volume":"3","author":"Schauder S","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photodermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1989.tb04708.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900284e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2010.10016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10857.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sunscreens with low sun protection factor inhibit ultraviolet B and A photoaging in the skin of the hairless albino mouse","volume":"8","author":"Harrison JA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01425.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b206338g"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b606768a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2009.00655.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(94)90008-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12168-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.7078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Chronic ultraviolet radiation\u2010induced skin tumors and associated changes in basal epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity","volume":"41","author":"Hillebrand GG","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Soc Cosmet Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2013.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-6030(94)01043-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)0740401POBMAA2.0.CO2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00226-3"}],"container-title":["Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &amp; Photomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fphpp.12113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/phpp.12113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T03:43:22Z","timestamp":1696045402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/phpp.12113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/phpp.12113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpp.12113","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-4383","1600-0781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-4383","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]}}}