{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:33:41Z","timestamp":1791182021722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,5]],"date-time":"2015-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies have shown that individuals apply less than the 2\u00a0mg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> lotion sunscreen needed to achieve the labeled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content>. However, there is little information regarding the application of spray and stick sunscreens. The objectives of this study were to measure the amount of sunscreen applied to skin by different application methods, to examine the relationship between application and demographic factors, and to evaluate the potential for sensitization from the preservative methylisothiazolinone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>) in lotion sunscreens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010two participants applied lotion, spray, and stick sunscreen and answered a questionnaire.\u00a0Lotion sunscreens were tested for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content> content, and a margin of safety for the induction of skin sensitization was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The geometric means for the application thickness of lotion, spray, and stick sunscreens were 1.1, 1.6, and 0.35\u00a0mg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Several factors influenced sunscreen application thickness, including age and skin type. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content> concentration in tested sunscreen lotions ranged from &lt;1 to 5.6\u00a0ppm, and likely <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content> exposures were below the threshold for induction of allergy (margin of safety &gt; 8.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, sunscreen users applied different amounts of sunscreen depending on the application method, affording different levels of sun protection. Typical use of the sunscreens is not likely to result in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content> sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]],"date-time":"2015-03-13T12:01:03Z","timestamp":1426248063000},"page":"212-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Factors that influence sunscreen application thickness and potential preservative exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Novick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemRisk LLC San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemRisk LLC San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemRisk LLC San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Allgeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemRisk LLC San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Unice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChemRisk LLC Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Individual Protection Against UV. What Kind of Sunscreen Should I Use?. Available athttp:\/\/www.who.int\/uv\/faq\/protect\/en\/index5.html. Accessed 14 July 2014.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.117385"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Dermatology.Sunscreen 101: Dermatologists Answer Burning Questions about Sunscreens. Available athttp:\/\/www.aad.org\/stories-and-news\/news-releases\/sunscreen-101-dermatologists-answer-burning-questions-about-sunscreensAccessed 14 July 2014.Schaumburg IL:American Academy of Dermatology 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration.Sunburn Protection Factor (SPF). Available athttp:\/\/www.fda.gov\/aboutfda\/centersoffices\/officeofmedicalproductsandtobacco\/cder\/ucm106351.htm. Accessed 14 July 2014.Silver Spring MD:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660110048013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"38206","article-title":"21 CFR Part 352: Sunscreen drug products for over\u2010the\u2010counter human use","volume":"54","author":"United States Food and Drug Administration","year":"1978","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Sunbathers' application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation","volume":"9","author":"Bech\u2010Thomsen N","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Florida Suncare Testing Inc.Product Application Study Final Report. FSTI Study #: 11\u2010249. FSTI Sample Nos.: 11\u2010249\u20101; 11\u2010249\u20102. Sponsor: Akzo Nobel. Sponsor Samples: Clear Sunscreen Spray Coppertone Sport SPF 30; Sunscreen Lotion Coppertone SPF 30. Report Date: 8\/19\/2011. Bunnell FL: Florida Suncare Testing Inc 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.10.1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.113685"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/269583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.100520"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2008.00363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00424274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01631.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.821439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety).Opinion on Methylisothiazolinone (P94) Submission II (Sensitisation Only). SCCS\/1521\/13. Revision of 27 March 2014.Luxembourg:European Commission Health & Consumers 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment. Part 1","author":"IHCP (Institute for Health and Consumer Protection)","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01901.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry.Memo from Damani Parran (AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry) to Division of Dockets Management (HFA\u2010305) Food and Drug Administration RE: 21CFR Part 352; Docket No. FDA\u20101978\u2010N\u20100018; formally Docket No. 1978N\u20100038. Dated September 12 2011. Available athttp:\/\/www.pharmamedtechbi.com\/~\/media\/Supporting%20Documents\/The%20Tan%20Sheet\/20\/44\/110912_AkzoNobel_spray_sunscreen_comment_FDA.pdf. Accessed 7 July 2014.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.2586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7228.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2012.04388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203030-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2009.00450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2PP25127B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.17761863.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EU) No 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin","volume":"53","author":"European Commission","year":"2010","journal-title":"Official J European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2012.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01754.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e31827edc73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2014.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2000.d01-3.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04016.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00816.x"}],"container-title":["Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &amp; Photomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fphpp.12171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/phpp.12171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T00:18:52Z","timestamp":1695514732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/phpp.12171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/phpp.12171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpp.12171","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-4383","1600-0781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-4383","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,5]]}}}