{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T02:23:58Z","timestamp":1778293438420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97\u201001\u201003\u201018726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97\u201001\u201003\u201018726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a promising modality for eradication of microorganisms from the wound. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of PACT using indocyanine green (ICG) for reduction of bacterial load of oral ulcers in rats and its impact on the healing process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this experimental study, 50 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were recruited. Oral ulcers were surgically made on the left cheek mucosa, and animals were randomly assigned into five groups (n\u00a0=\u00a010). Wound site in groups 1, 2, and 3 was irrigated with the sterile saline (0.9%), chlorhexidine (CHX; 0.2%), and ICG solutions (1\u00a0mg\/mL), respectively. Group 4 was exposed to laser irradiation using 810\u00a0nm diode laser on continuous\u2010wave mode for 30\u00a0seconds (fluence: 55\u00a0J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, power: 300\u00a0mW, spot size: 4.5\u00a0mm). In group 5, PACT was performed using topical application of ICG followed by laser irradiation in the same way as the previous group. Bacterial load of oral ulcers was assessed before and after each treatment modality. Besides, rats were sacrificed on the 5th day post ulceration and histological features of healing were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial load was significantly reduced merely in the PACT\u2010ICG\u2010treated group by one log (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001). Animals in the PACT\u2010ICG\u2010treated group also showed an accelerated healing in comparison with others on the 5th day of an experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy using topical application of ICG has a potential to reduce the bacterial load of oral ulcers and accelerate wound repair. Therefore, it can be considered as an alternative to currently available modalities for wound management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T20:39:15Z","timestamp":1602535155000},"page":"115-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy using indocyanine green in experimentally induced intraoral ulcers in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Motamedifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiraz HIV\/AIDS Research Center Institute of Health Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology Shiraz Medical School Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Tanideh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells Technology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0479-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Mardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Oral and Dental Disease Research Center School of Dentistry Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Daneshvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine School of Dentistry Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahtab","family":"Hadadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology Shiraz Medical School Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Oral microbes and its environment: a review article","volume":"9","author":"Hasnor Wan Ismail WN","year":"2013","journal-title":"Esteem Acad J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.11.002"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"500","article-title":"Oral mucosal ulceration \u2013 a clinician's guide to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Fourie J","year":"2016","journal-title":"S Afr Den J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322007000600018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2013.12.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Effects of mucoadhessive paste of chlorhexidine and betamethasone on oral ulcer recovery process in rats","volume":"25","author":"Hashemipour M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2008.00295.x"},{"issue":"2016","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Diagnostic features of common oral ulcerative lesions: an updated decision tree","volume":"2016","author":"Mortazavi H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"issue":"507","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wound healing problems in the mouth","volume":"7","author":"Politis C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"1875","article-title":"Photo dynamic therapy in oral diseases","volume":"3","author":"Reddy S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utility of photodynamic therapy for the management of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer","volume":"1","author":"Andreadis D","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Res Oral Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.199598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4743-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2006.24.514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b16801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_144_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720150481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502011000300012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480607200407"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Histological evaluation of wound healing process after photodynamic therapy of rat oral mucosal ulcer","volume":"17","author":"Deyhimi P","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-009-0700-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1106\/9335-Q0NC-5XCQ-KBYK"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-019-02757-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660X\/26\/12\/123001"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in the management of potentially malignant and malignant oral disorders","volume":"4","author":"Jerjes W","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jdl.jdl_2_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/15\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666131218095802"},{"issue":"85790","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of different output powers on the efficacy of photodynamic therapy with 809\u2010nm diode laser and indocyanine green","volume":"8579","author":"Topaloglu N","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.01.010"},{"issue":"111","key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lethal photosensitization of wound\u2010associated microbes using indocyanine green and near\u2010infrared light","volume":"8","author":"Omar GS","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.2.028003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2012.3430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsi.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-010-0852-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b809624d"}],"container-title":["Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &amp; Photomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/phpp.12618","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/phpp.12618","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/phpp.12618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T22:47:33Z","timestamp":1693608453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/phpp.12618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/phpp.12618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpp.12618","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-4383","1600-0781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-4383","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}