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Many of the published clinical studies thus far have focused on the measurement of erythema as the primary clinical indicator of skin protection against UVB radiation. More recent studies have shown that carotenoid supplementation provides even more skin protection than previously shown as new clinical and molecular endpoints beyond UVB\u2010induced erythema have been reported. These recent studies have demonstrated that carotenoids also provide photoprotection against UVA\u2010induced pigmentation and inhibit molecular markers of oxidative stress such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1, heme oxygenase\u20101, and matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9. 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