{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:26:56Z","timestamp":1792510016738,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Melasma is a frequent photoexacerbated hyperpigmentary disorder, which can significantly impact on the quality of life. We sought to review the pathogenesis of melasma, and the role of photoprotection in the prevention and treatment of this disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a narrative review of the literature. We performed literature searches with PubMed from January 1990 to December 2021 using the keywords \u201cmelasma,\u201d \u201cpathogenesis,\u201d \u201cultraviolet radiation,\u201d \u201cvisible light,\u201d \u201cphotoprotection,\u201d and \u201csunscreens.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The physiopathology of melasma includes a complex interaction between genetics, sex hormones, and sun exposure. Visible light, in particular high\u2010energy visible light (HEVL), and long\u2010wave UVA (UVA1) play a key role in melasma pathophysiology, and recent research suggests that melasma shares many features with photoaging disorders. Melasma disproportionately affects dark\u2010skinned individuals. Some 30% to 50% of South Americans and Asians, among other ethnicities, can present with melasma. Dark\u2010skinned patients take fewer photoprotective measures. Also, the majority of melasma patients do not adequately follow photoprotection recommendations, including the application of sunscreen. Intensive use of a broad\u2010spectrum sunscreen can prevent melasma in high\u2010risk individuals, can lessen melasma severity (associated or not with depigmenting agents), and can reduce relapses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to the physiopathology of melasma, sunscreens should be broad\u2010spectrum with high sun protection factor, and provide high protection against UVA1 and VL. Sunscreens should be cosmetically acceptable and leave no white residue. Tinted sunscreens are an excellent choice, as pigments can protect from HEVL and UVA1, and may provide camouflage, but they must offer colors that match the skin tone of each patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T03:39:47Z","timestamp":1646105987000},"page":"515-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Melasma: The need for tailored photoprotection to improve clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Morgado\u2010Carrasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona 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