{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:47:50Z","timestamp":1790912870296,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the clinical periodontal, bacterial, and immunological outcomes of chloro\u2010aluminum phthalocyanine\u2010mediated photodynamic therapy <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>PDT) as an adjunct to dental scaling (DS) versus DS alone among cigarette smokers (CS) and never\u2010smokers (NS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 26 patients (13 CS and 13 NS) with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of stage\u2010II chronic periodontitis were recruited. Each patient from both groups were subjected with two parallel therapies (split\u2010mouth): PDT\u2009+\u2009DS (test side) and DS alone (control side). Periodontal parameters were investigated by evaluating plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and alveolar bone loss (ABL). Subgingival plaque was collected to detect and quantify <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic> using real\u2010time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010qPCR) assay. Gingival crevicular fluid was sampled for the quantification of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. All assessments were performed at baseline, 3\u2009months, and 6\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bleeding on probing was significantly reduced at 6\u2009months after PDT\u2009+\u2009DS in CS groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Mean PD and CAL significantly reduced after both PDT\u2009+\u2009DS and DS subgroups and among NS and CS groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). At 6\u2009months follow\u2010up, the copy number of both <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T.\u00a0forsythia<\/jats:italic> remained significantly high in CS group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Only PDT\u2009+\u2009DS subgroup in CS significantly reduced the counts of <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. forsythia<\/jats:italic> at 3\u2009months and 6\u2009months (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Only at 6\u2009months did PDT\u2009+\u2009DS showed statistically significantly reduced IL\u20101\u03b2 levels in the NS group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels significantly reduced in CS group with PDT\u2009+\u2009DS and DS alone at both 3\u2009months and 6\u2009months follow\u2010up (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chloro\u2010aluminum phthalocyanine\u2010mediated PDT helped to improve the non\u2010surgical periodontal therapy outcomes among stage\u2010II chronic periodontitis patients among smokers and never\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T08:54:30Z","timestamp":1654764870000},"page":"582-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chloro\u2010aluminum phthalocyanine\u2010mediated photodynamic therapy in the treatment of stage\u2010II chronic periodontitis among smokers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Abdulaziz A.","family":"Al\u2010Kheraif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obaid Abdullah","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Al\u2010Shehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aftab Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi 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