{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:49:51Z","timestamp":1792082991179,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304829\/2020\u20100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304829\/2020\u20100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) is a versatile technique for treating skin diseases. Melasma, a chronic hyperpigmentation condition, has recently been associated with vascular features and dermal photoaging and poses significant management challenges. We review the recent literature on melasma etiology and the evidence supporting PBM as a therapeutic modality for melasma treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive literature search in three different databases from May to August 2023, focusing on studies published in the past 10\u2009years. The inclusion criteria comprised full\u2010text studies investigating low\u2010power lasers and\/or light\u2010emitting diodes (LEDs) in in\u00a0vitro or in\u00a0vivo models, as well as clinical trials. We excluded studies discussing alternative melasma therapies or lacking experimental data. We identified additional studies by searching the reference lists of the selected articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified nine relevant studies. Clinical studies, in agreement with in\u00a0vitro experiments and animal models, suggest that PBM effectively reduces melasma\u2010associated hyperpigmentation. Specific wavelengths (red: 630\u2009nm; amber: 585 and 590\u2009nm; infrared: 830 and 850\u2009nm) at radiant exposures between 1 and 20\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> exert modulatory effects on tyrosinase activity, gene expression, and protein synthesis of melanocytic pathway components, and thus significantly reduce the melanin content. Additionally, PBM is effective in improving the dermal structure and reducing erythema and neovascularization, features recently identified as pathological components of melasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PBM emerges as a promising, contemporary, and non\u2010invasive procedure for treating melasma. Beyond its role in inhibiting melanogenesis, PBM shows potential in reducing erythema and vascularization and improving dermal conditions. However, robust and well\u2010designed clinical trials are needed to determine optimal light parameters and to evaluate the effects of PBM on melasma thoroughly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T06:05:00Z","timestamp":1701237900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Photobiomodulation for melasma treatment: Integrative review and state of the art"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Rodrigues","family":"Galache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Medicine Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9396-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle Mota","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Medicine Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Alberto Fioravante","family":"Tassinary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio Univates \u2013 CCBS  Lajeado RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8275-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Pavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Medicine Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE  S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003583.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02584-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S396272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05748.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00915-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S206115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Melasma. StatPearls","author":"Basit H","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ds.ds_46_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S343332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/AD.2020.32.2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2013.2273411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.9848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201670113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337.Mechanisms"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2016.2561201"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Low\u2010level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring","volume":"32","author":"Avci P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2020.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-011-0885-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11243949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-2057-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Dual effect of photobiomodulation on melasma: downregulation of hyperpigmentation and enhanced solar resistance\u2010a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Barolet D","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2018.4486"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12864"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.23.12.120901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12769"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.040667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-79-4-507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2013.0293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-3204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01564.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.5580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2009.01383.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2017.1342036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2018.1516858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030766"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1644-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2013.3616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2022.0114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00780-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-05-21-6002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002660010107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2016.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1714266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy011"}],"container-title":["Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &amp; Photomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/phpp.12935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T11:28:02Z","timestamp":1706614082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/phpp.12935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/phpp.12935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpp.12935","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-4383","1600-0781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-4383","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0781","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12935"}}