{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:43:32Z","timestamp":1790711012151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mid-career Researcher Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"MEST","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n , a free\u2010living amoeba, has been found in diverse habitats throughout the world. It causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in children and young adults. The amoeba attaches to nasal mucosa, migrates along olfactory nerves and enters the brain. Astrocytes are involved in the defence against infection and produce inflammatory responses. In this study, we focus on the mechanism of immune responses in astrocytes. We showed, using\n RN<\/jats:styled-content>\n ase protection assay,\n RT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>\n in an\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n culture system, that\n N. fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n lysates induce interleukin\u20101beta (\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\u03b2) and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106 expression of astrocytes. In addition, cytokine levels of astrocytes gradually decreased due to extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase (\n ERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), c\u2010Jun N\u2010terminal kinase (\n JNK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and p38 inhibitors. To determine the transcription factor, we used transcription inhibitor (\n AP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101 inhibitor), which downregulated\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\u03b2 and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106 expression. These results show that\n AP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101 is related to\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\u03b2 and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106 production.\n N. fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010mediated\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\u03b2 and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106 expression requires\n ERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n JNK<\/jats:styled-content>\n and p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinases (\n MAPK<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) activation in astrocytes. These findings show that\n N. fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010stimulated astrocytes in an\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n culture system lead to\n AP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101 activation and the subsequent expressions of\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\u03b2 and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106, which are dependent on\n ERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n JNK<\/jats:styled-content>\n and p38\n MAPK<\/jats:styled-content>\n s activation. These results may imply that proinflammatory cytokines have important roles in inflammatory responses to\n N. fowleri<\/jats:italic>\n infection.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T13:58:08Z","timestamp":1354370288000},"page":"120-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["IL<\/scp>\n \u20101\u03b2 and\n IL<\/scp>\n \u20106 activate inflammatory responses of astrocytes against\n \n N<\/scp>\n aegleria fowleri\n <\/i>\n infection via the modulation of\n MAPK<\/scp>\n s and\n AP<\/scp>\n \u20101"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"J.\u2010H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.\u2010R.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.\u2010J.","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u2010K.","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Medicine Kwandong University Gangneung Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.\u2010J.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.25.100171.001311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.52.1.114-133.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711000402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01076.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-12-3-363"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201475200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10331"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.15.8001745"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)00287-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(19990215)25:4<311::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(96)00056-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2622"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00187-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740665"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.1.129","article-title":"Proliferation of astrocytes in vitro in responses to cytokines. 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