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They are responsible for the fatal disease human African trypanosomiasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content>), also known as sleeping sickness. In late\u2010stage infection, trypanosomes cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content>) and invade the central nervous system (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>) invariably leading to coma and death if untreated. There is no available vaccine and current late\u2010stage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content> chemotherapy consists of either melarsoprol, which is highly toxic causing up to 8% of deaths, or nifurtimox\u2013eflornithine combination therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NECT<\/jats:styled-content>), which is costly and difficult to administer. There is therefore an urgent need to identify new late\u2010stage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAT<\/jats:styled-content> drug candidates. Here, we review how current imaging tools, ranging from fluorescent confocal microscopy of live immobilized cells in culture to whole\u2010animal imaging, are providing insight into <jats:italic>T.\u00a0brucei<\/jats:italic> biology, parasite\u2010host interplay, trypanosome <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> invasion and disease progression. We also consider how imaging tools can be used for candidate drug screening purposes that could lead to new chemotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]],"date-time":"2013-06-24T04:07:49Z","timestamp":1372046869000},"page":"283-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Imaging <scp>A<\/scp>frican trypanosomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"MacLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection Department of Biology\/Hull York Medical School University of York Heslington York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Myburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary &amp; Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary &amp; Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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