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The predominant immunological feature of lymphatic filariasis is an antigen\u2010specific Th2 response and an expansion of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u201010 producing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells that is accompanied by a muted Th1 response. This antigen\u2010specific T\u2010cell hyporesponsiveness appears to be crucial for the maintenance of the sustained, long\u2010standing infection often with high parasite densities. While the correlates of protective immunity to lymphatic filariasis are still incompletely understood, primarily due to the lack of suitable animal models to study susceptibility, it is clear that T cells and to a certain extent B cells are required for protective immunity. Host immune responses, especially\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\u2010cell responses clearly play a role in mediating pathological manifestations of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , including lymphedema, hydrocele and elephantiasis. The main underlying defect in the development of clinical pathology appears to be a failure to induce T\u2010cell hyporesponsiveness in the face of antigenic stimulation. Finally, another intriguing feature of filarial infections is their propensity to induce bystander effects on a variety of immune responses, including responses to vaccinations, allergens and to other infectious agents. The complexity of the immune response to filarial infection therefore provides an important gateway to understanding the regulation of immune responses to chronic infections, in general.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T14:31:09Z","timestamp":1382020269000},"page":"338-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Immunology of lymphatic filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIAID\u2010NIRT\u2010ICER Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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