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It is clear that the bulk of, if not all, morbidity due to human schistosomiasis results from immune\u2010response\u2010based inflammation against eggs lodged in the body, either as regulated chronic inflammation or resulting in fibrotic lesions. However, the exact nature of these responses, the antigens to which they are mounted and the mechanisms of the critical regulatory responses are still being sorted out. It is also becoming apparent that protective immunity against schistosomula as they develop into adult worms develops slowly and is hastened by the dying of adult worms, either naturally or when they are killed by praziquantel. However, as with anti\u2010egg responses, the responsible immune mechanisms and inducing antigens are not clearly established, nor are any potential regulatory responses known. Finally, a wide variety of immune markers, both cellular and humoral, can be used to demonstrate exposure to schistosomes, and immunologic measurement of schistosome antigens can be used to detect, and thus diagnose, active infections. All three areas contribute to the public health response to human schistosome infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T04:54:43Z","timestamp":1383627283000},"page":"347-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["Immunology of human schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"D. G.","family":"Colley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease The University of Georgia Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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