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Much of our current understanding of the human immune response during hookworm infection relies on the studies from experimental infection of hookworm\u2010na\u00efve individuals or the natural infections from individuals residing in hookworm\u2010endemic areas. The experimental human infections tend to be acute, dose\u2010controlled infections, often with a low larval inoculum so that they are well tolerated by human volunteers. Natural hookworm infections usually occur in areas where hookworm transmission is constant and infection is chronic. In cases where there has been drug administration in an endemic area, re\u2010infection often occurs quickly even amongst those who were treated. Hence, although many of the characteristics of experimental and natural hookworm infection differ, both models have elements in common: mainly an intense Th2 response with the production of total and specific IgE as well as elevated levels of eosinophilia, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>. While hookworm infection affects millions of individuals worldwide, much of the human immunology of this infection still needs to be studied and understood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]],"date-time":"2013-11-08T08:04:07Z","timestamp":1383897847000},"page":"358-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immunology of experimental and natural human hookworm infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Gaze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Bethony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Tropical Medicine George Washington University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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