{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T07:28:36Z","timestamp":1758266916102,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]],"date-time":"2014-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>is one of the main species responsible for Animal<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frican<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rypanosomosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content>). As preventive vaccination strategies for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAT<\/jats:styled-content>have been unsuccessful so far, investigating the mechanisms underlying vaccine failure has to be prioritized. In<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0brucei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0vivax<\/jats:italic>infections, recent studies revealed a rapid onset of destruction of the host B\u2010cell compartment, resulting in the loss of memory recall capacity. To assess such effect in experimental<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0congolense<\/jats:italic>trypanosomosis, we performed infections with both the cloned Tc13 parasite, which is considered as a standard model system for<jats:italic>T.\u00a0congolense<\/jats:italic>rodent infections and the noncloned<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRT<\/jats:styled-content>55 field isolate. These infections differ in their virulence level in the C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mouse model for trypanosomosis. We show that early on, an irreversible depletion of all developmental B cells stages occur. Subsequently, in the spleen, a detrimental decrease in immature B cells is followed by a significant and permanent depletion of Marginal zone B cells and Follicular B cells. The severity of these events later on in infection correlated with the virulence level of the parasite stock. In line with this, it was observed that later\u2010stage infection\u2010induced IgGs were largely nonspecific, in particular in the more virulent<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRT<\/jats:styled-content>55 infection model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T16:25:24Z","timestamp":1390407924000},"page":"187-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Chronic<i><scp>T<\/scp>rypanosoma congolense<\/i>infections in mice cause a sustained disruption of the B\u2010cell homeostasis in the bone marrow and spleen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Obishakin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Structural Biology VIB Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"de Trez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Structural Biology VIB Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Structural Biology VIB Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00017-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048696"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.11.18203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/316067"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01185-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/273613a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70538-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5492","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.10.5492","article-title":"Suppressor macrophages in African trypanosomiasis inhibit T cell proliferative responses by nitric oxide and prostaglandins","volume":"151","author":"Schleifer KW","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying trypanosome\u2010elicited immunosuppression","volume":"72","author":"Darji A","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000793"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000078"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503808"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.1.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.0112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2656"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-021089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"294","volume-title":"Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis","author":"Stefan M","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to Trypanosoma congolense: correlation with changes in spleen lymphocyte populations","volume":"32","author":"Morrison WI","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00313-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2181273a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90120-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141631"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1342-1351.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80009-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Immunobiology of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"12","author":"Roelants GE","year":"1984","journal-title":"Contemp Top Immunobiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms evade complement lysis in vitro by shedding of immune complexes","volume":"52","author":"Frevert U","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.5.5.648-656.1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1982.tb00444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003500"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/534697"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.1.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0445"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.04.639","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): hematologic, erythrocyte biochemical, and iron metabolic aspects","volume":"44","author":"Anosa V","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Non\u2010immune control of trypanosomosis: in vitro oxidative burst of PMA\u2010and trypanosome\u2010stimulated neutrophils of Boran and N'Dama cattle","volume":"69","author":"Taiwo V","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.12.2113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031104"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpim.12099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.12099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T16:40:54Z","timestamp":1746117654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pim.12099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pim.12099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.12099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0141-9838"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-3024"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]}}}