{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:50:23Z","timestamp":1772722223939,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic> causes a wasting disease affecting livestock breeding and agriculture in developing countries of sub\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ahara <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frica and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>merica. Being an extracellular parasite, control of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0vivax<\/jats:italic> has been proposed to be mediated by host antibodies. However, the use of a comparative infection model of wild\u2010type (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WT<\/jats:styled-content>) and tumour necrosis factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>) knockout (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>) mice shows that the latter is unable to control first\u2010peak parasitaemia, despite the presence of specific antitrypanosome antibodies. In contrast, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WT<\/jats:styled-content> mice parasitaemia peak control coincides with a combined early onset of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> production and induction of specific antibodies. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> is mainly produced by liver\u2010associated monocytes and neutrophils. In this study, no other correlation between cellular immunomodulations and peak parasitaemia control was observed, underscoring the importance of the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> in the control of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0vivax<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T17:32:52Z","timestamp":1393263172000},"page":"271-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antibody\u2010mediated control of <i><scp>T<\/scp>rypanosoma vivax<\/i> infection fails in the absence of tumour necrosis factor"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"La Greca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Structural Biology Brussels 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